Newborns are in a 2D to 4D hyperopic refractive state, with a maximum hyperopia at 6 months of age. Later, as the infant grows, the eye grows, the eye axis becomes longer, the corneal curvature becomes larger, the cornea tends to flatten, the lens convexity also gradually becomes smaller, the refractive power also decreases with the development of each anatomical part, and the refractive state also tends to be orthoopic. In some infants, due to genetic and acquired factors, the development of the refractive state and the development of the anatomical parts of the eye are disproportionate, and the development becomes myopic or hyperopic to varying degrees. The incidence of astigmatism in infancy is generally considered to be higher than that of adults, and the incidence of astigmatism begins to decrease with growth. Since most pediatric patients are hyperopic, the amount of hyperopia within the physiological range does not require correction. However, correction is needed if the child has significant loss of distance and near vision, has symptoms of visual fatigue, or has internal strabismus. In many cases, for various reasons, children’s vision continues to develop, moving from hyperopia to orthopia and slowly to myopia. The cause of myopia is not yet fully understood, but may be related to the following factors: 1. Genetic factors: If parents are myopic, the probability of myopia in children is also increased. 2.Developmental factors: In infancy, the eye is small and often physiologically farsighted. As the eye grows, the refractive component of the eye grows in harmony and gradually reaches orthophoria. 3. Exogenous factors: Animal models of myopia reveal that the possible environmental factors for the formation of myopia are: (1) Formal deprivation, such as various factors affecting the quality of the image presentation of external objects on the retina, can easily cause the occurrence and development of myopia. (2) The doctrine of lens induction, where inappropriate lens wear can cause the eye to develop in the direction of induction. (3) Spatial constraints, such as prolonged reading at too close a distance. (4) Other factors: including disorders of regulation, nutritional imbalance and other factors. Myopic children may show reduced distance vision and normal near vision. Those with frequent myopia may show photophobia, dry eyes, foreign body sensation, etc. They are prone to exotropia or exotropia, and the anterior and posterior diameters of the eyes become longer, and there may also be fundus changes. Children with suspected myopia should first be examined at a hospital. Ciliary muscle paralyzing agents such as 1% atropine and 0 or 5% tropicamide or fog vision therapy can be used to relax the ciliary muscle. True myopia diagnosed by optometry should be corrected promptly. Currently, the main method of correcting myopia is to wear glasses. A proper concave lens is chosen so that its focal distance is just the same as the distance of the eye’s far point, i.e. the parallel light is dispersed by the concave lens and the focal point is shifted back and falls exactly on the retinal macula. Compared with frame glasses, contact lenses have no prismatic effect, which has less influence on the size of the imaging and a larger field of view, and does not affect the appearance, especially for those with high myopia and a large refractive error. Now there are also many myopic children who wear overnight contact lenses to achieve the purpose of not needing to wear lenses during the day, while hoping to slow down the development of myopia, this way is often called “OK lens” surgery. Children who are treated in this way must be examined in a hospital for proper fitting instructions and follow-up to ensure that the treatment is effective and that eye health is maintained. Once myopia occurs, it cannot be reversed, so prevention is important. Our recommendations are: 1. Reduce continuous eye time: continuous close eye use and computer use should not be too long. Increase outdoor activity time appropriately. The distance between the eyes and the reading material should be about 25-30cm. 2, improve the reading environment: the classroom should be spacious and bright, the distribution of light should be scientific and reasonable, the height of tables and chairs should be appropriate, and there should be no reflection of books and paper, etc. 3.Provide comprehensive nutrition. 4.Actively participate in physical exercise, enhance physical fitness, to achieve a combination of work and rest. Astigmatism is another kind of refractive error, astigmatism is mostly due to congenital heteromorphic changes in the cornea, there may also be lens astigmatism. Therefore, in many cases, astigmatism is innate and changes very little during the child’s growth and development. Children with astigmatism may show reduced visual acuity and are prone to visual fatigue. Patients with milder astigmatism often self-correct by using methods such as changing adjustments, squinting, and squinting in order to improve visual acuity, and the continuous adjustment tension and effort is likely to cause visual fatigue. Mild astigmatism, if there is no visual fatigue and vision loss, does not need to be corrected; conversely, if any of the symptoms appear, although the astigmatism is light, it should be corrected using columnar lenses.