(1) Symptoms of nail fungus: Clinical manifestations include red, swollen, painful skin on the proximal and both sides of the nail crease, usually a single finger/toenail onset, which can seriously affect the patient’s life and work. (2) Causes of nail fungus The causes of nail fungus are divided into congenital factors and acquired factors. 1. Congenital factors include wide nail surface and abnormal growth of finger and toe bones. 2, acquired factors include the following A, improperly trimmed toenail, such as finger, toenail cut too short, next to the soft tissue because there is no finger, toenail cover and grow upward, as a result, finger, toenail growth out into the soft tissue; B, often wear inappropriate shoes, foot nail infection in the non-shoe population is extremely rare, the most likely explanation is because the toenail is not subject to external pressure, wear shoes This external pressure presses the nail wrinkle toward the sharp edge of the toenail formed after improper trimming, causing local skin breakdown, and bacteria and fungi on the skin surface enter the open wound, leading to ingrown nail gouging; C. Biomechanical imbalance, such as lesser ectropion, sports causing extrusion of the toe D, skin-related diseases, such as nail fungus, psoriasis, flat moss freshly involved nail lesions, etc., for various reasons to interrupt the epithelial migration of the nail bed to the nail matrix, resulting in changes in the continuity of the normal anatomical structure of the nail bed and the nail groove, deformity, and eventually the formation of nail fungus. E, finger biting, common in children, often due to micronutrient deficiency, such as iron and zinc deficiency, or hyperactivity disorder. F, long-term hand contact with moist environment: due to frequent moisture impregnation around the nail bed bacteria are easily stored, laundry workers, cleaning workers, chefs, dishwashers, bartenders, vendors and nurses and other groups have a higher incidence, mostly due to Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. (3) Treatment of nail infection There are many ways to treat nail infection, and the choice of method depends on the stage and severity of the disease. Mild to moderate lesions with mild to moderate pain, mild redness and swelling, and no purulent discharge can be treated conservatively; moderate to severe lesions with severe pain, marked redness and purulent discharge require surgical intervention. Specific treatment is available for the following conditions: A: Early onset nail infection can be treated by applying hot compresses, topical iodophor, iodoform and soaking in yellow lotus solution, boric acid and alcohol to achieve anti-infection, swelling and sterilization effects. For mild cases, antibiotic ointment alone or in combination with glucocorticoids can be used topically; for persistent damage, oral broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy should be administered on top of topical medications. For milder ingrown nail type nail infection, some doctors also try to use nail brace treatment or corrective paste treatment, which is noninvasive, simple and convenient, and relatively inexpensive compared to surgery, and can be the treatment of choice for mild ingrown nail type nail infection. B. For those who have abscess formation, timely drainage is needed. The traditional method is to place oiled gauze between the nail plate and nail bed for drainage, or you can use ralph lauren gauze drainage net, dental floss drainage, etc. C. Invasive treatment can be used for ingrown nail and refractory onychomycosis, including total or partial nail extraction combined with partial nail bed removal; nail extraction + nail bed methotomy; onychomycosis reconstruction; partial nail bed removal + toe side or toe front pike cut skin shaping and laser treatment, etc. (4) Matters needing attention: A. Untreated nail fungus can easily lead to permanent deformity of finger and toe nails, affecting the aesthetics of finger and toe nails. B If the disease is long or the swelling and pain are severe, X-ray examination is recommended to exclude chronic osteomyelitis caused by the finger or toenail.