After we go to the hospital to check the urine and get the laboratory test sheet, there are many letters and +, – sign written on it, we look confused, in the end, how to read this sheet, today we will talk to you about the urine routine. The routine urine examination mainly includes the color, transparency, acidity, specific gravity, the presence of protein and sugar, as well as the sediment test in the urine. On a test sheet, if some items are followed by a “+” sign, this is medically called a positive result; if it is a “-” sign, it is called a negative result. Positive results are usually a sign of urinary tract disease. NIT represents nitrite in the urine. The amount of nitrite is often related to the type of food, and if it often exceeds normal, it suggests the possibility of urinary stones or a urinary tract infection. PH stands for acidity and alkalinity. The normal result is 6.0. Increased pH is commonly associated with frequent vomiting and respiratory alkalosis. Decreased pH is common in acidosis, diabetes, etc. GLU stands for urine sugar. Normal result is negative. In diabetes, urine sugar can be 2-3 plus, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, brain tumor, etc. can lead to elevated urine sugar. PRO stands for urine protein. Normal results are negative or trace. Positive results are seen in acute glomerulonephritis, renal arteriosclerosis, multiple myeloma, and hyperthermia. BLD stands for occult blood. Normal is negative for urine occult blood. KET stands for ketone body. Normal results are negative. Urine ketone bodies are negative in ketoacidosis, commonly seen in diabetic patients with hunger, vomiting and diarrhea. BIL stands for bilirubin. If it is positive, it indicates jaundice and further tests are needed. WBC stands for white blood cells. Normal result is negative. Increased WBC in urine is seen in pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis and prostatitis. SG stands for specific gravity. Increased urine specific gravity is seen in dehydration, hyperthermia, cardiac insufficiency, etc.; decreased is seen in chronic glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis, etc. URO stands for urinary bile element. The normal result is negative or weakly positive. Before the appearance of jaundice in the early stage of viral hepatitis, urinary bile element is increased and is positive or strongly positive in hemolytic jaundice. A large number of white blood cells (WBC +++++) and epithelial cells are reported on the urine routine laboratory report form, which mostly indicates urinary tract infection. A large number of red blood cells (RBC ++++) in the urine indicates kidney stones, tumors, acute nephritis, cystitis, and trauma from treatment of urinary diseases. If the urine test is positive for tubular type, it indicates some kidney damage, which is common in acute and chronic nephritis, pyelonephritis and nephrotic syndrome. If the urine sugar test is positive, then there is a possibility that it is diabetes, because in normal people there is only slightly cool sugar in the urine, which is usually not detected by the test. Transient urine sugar will appear when large amounts of sugar are eaten or glucose is pushed. Diabetic patients not only have positive urine sugar, but also have significantly higher blood sugar.