Renal pathology examination is a routine examination for kidney diseases. Renal biopsy has become an important method for diagnosing renal disorders, providing the most valuable basis for clinical diagnosis, guiding treatment and judging prognosis. It has an important value that cannot be replaced by any examination for determining the diagnosis, deciding treatment guidelines and estimating prognosis. The clinical diagnosis of the same type of nephritis has different pathological manifestations, and its prognosis varies. Indications for renal puncture biopsy: (1) Various types of glomerulonephritis, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, renal diseases caused by systemic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, amyloidosis, diabetes mellitus, allergic purpura, uric acid nephropathy, periarteritis nodosa, etc. (2) Persistent asymptomatic proteinuria and hematuria of unknown origin, and hypertension of unknown etiology. (3) Acute renal tubular and interstitial lesions. Atypical chronic pyelonephritis, especially when there is difficulty in differentiating it from chronic nephritis, requires a renal biopsy for a definitive diagnosis. (4) When the cause of acute renal failure is unknown and there is difficulty in diagnosis and treatment, or when the cause of chronic kidney disease is unknown and the condition suddenly worsens, a kidney biopsy can be done from to help clarify the diagnosis and guide treatment. (5) After kidney transplantation, kidney biopsy can help diagnose rejection or drug such as cyclosporine A toxicity reaction and guide the adjustment of treatment. (6) Serial punctures can help to understand the progression of renal disease, observe the response to drug therapy and estimate the patient’s prognosis. Renal puncture biopsy can help to clarify the diagnosis, guide the treatment, judge the prognosis, and explore the relationship between clinical and pathological typing, which is also one of the important tools to improve the clinical and scientific research of kidney disease.