Swallowing is an important functional activity that sustains human survival. The occurrence of dysphagia directly affects food intake, i.e., energy intake, which in turn affects normal physiological metabolism. So what are the common causes of dysphagia? 1, oropharyngeal diseases: oropharyngitis (viral, bacterial), oropharyngeal injury (mechanical, chemical), pharyngeal diphtheria, pharyngeal tuberculosis, pharyngeal tumors, abscesses of the posterior pharyngeal wall, etc. 2. Esophageal diseases: esophagitis (bacterial, fungal, chemical), benign esophageal masses (smooth muscle tumors, lipomas, hemangiomas, etc.), esophageal cancer, esophageal foreign bodies, esophageal muscle dysfunction (pancreatic dystonia, diffuse esophageal spasm, etc.), extreme enlargement of the thyroid gland, etc. Among them, esophageal cancer is an important cause. 3.Neuromuscular diseases such as medullary paralysis, myasthenia gravis, organophosphorus insecticide poisoning, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, cricopharyngeal dystrophy, etc. 4, systemic diseases rabies, tetanus, botulism, iron deficiency dysphagia, etc. 5.Psychiatric diseases. Such as dysthymia, depression, anxiety disorders, etc. All can have the performance and feeling of swallowing difficulties. The most common cause of dysphagia is various esophageal diseases, followed by oropharyngeal diseases, neuromuscular lesions related to swallowing and certain systemic diseases (such as severe iron deficiency anemia can have heavy swallowing difficulties). Treatment: 1, oropharyngeal diseases pharyngeal tuberculosis or tumors (including malignant granuloma), abscesses of the posterior pharyngeal wall and other pharyngeal diseases can cause swallowing disorders, and most of them can be improved or lifted after ENT treatment. 2, esophageal disease treatment principle is generally active treatment of various esophageal primary diseases, on the basis of which appropriate symptomatic support treatment. (1) reflux esophagitis: choose to improve the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter, enhance esophageal peristalsis drugs, can be applied domperidone, mosapride, itopride and other gastrointestinal prokinetic agents and gastric mucosal protective agents (aluminum magnesium carbonate, aluminum phosphate gel, aluminum magnesium plus suspension, rebapart, etc.), can also choose famotidine and other H2 receptor antagonists or omeprazole and other proton pump inhibitors. The purpose of applying gastric mucosal protective agents and acid-suppressive drugs is to reduce acid or alkaline reflux into the esophagus. Endoscopic radiofrequency therapy or fundoplication can be used if the above mentioned drugs are not effective. (2) Cardia achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm and other lower esophageal sphincter hypertension: In order to relax smooth muscle, calcium channel blocking drugs such as isosorbide nitrate or sublingual nitroglycerin can be taken orally; if the symptoms are severe, 20mg of scopolamine butylbromide (antispasmodic agent) can be injected intravenously each time; if the effect of drug treatment is unsatisfactory, dilatation of the lower esophageal stenosis or surgical treatment can be considered. In recent years, botulinum toxin has been injected into the stenosis under direct endoscopic view for the treatment of cardia incompetence. (3) Esophageal cancer: If the patient has lost the time for surgery, in order to improve his or her quality of life or prolong his or her life, stenosis dilation and stent placement can be considered, and laser or high-frequency electrocautery can also be applied to the obstruction site to obtain temporary relief and facilitate the passage of a liquid or semifluid diet through the stenosis. Dysphagia caused by severe anemia in other diseases should be actively corrected, and dysphagia can be eliminated after the improvement of anemia; dysphagia caused by myasthenia gravis can be relieved or eliminated after treatment with anticholinesterase drugs (such as neostigmine or sniff pyridostigmine), and if the improvement of dysphagia is not obvious, additional treatment with immunosuppressive drugs such as prednisone (prednisone) or dexamethasone can be considered. 3. Rehabilitation of neuromuscular lesions related to swallowing (e.g. stroke): (1) Mild swallowing disorder: take a position favorable for eating; emphasize the nature of food, gradually transition from liquid to universal food; grasp the amount of bites; emphasize intentional motor training. (2) Moderate and severe dysphagia: increase the movement of the orofacial muscles, tongue movement and opening and closing of the mandible; cold stimulation of the pharynx; empty swallowing movement training; respiratory function training.