Abstract:The main purpose of this review is to describe trauma-related dissociation and altered states of consciousness within the framework of the recently proposed four-dimensional model (Frewen & Lanius, 2015). This model categorizes symptoms of trauma-related psychopathology as follows: i) occurring in the normal waking state; and ii) manifesting as dissociative symptoms accompanied by trauma-related altered states of consciousness, comprising four dimensions: 1) temporal; 2) thinking; 3) somatic; and 4) affective. Clinical applications and future research directions related to each dimension are also discussed. Conceptualizing trauma-related altered states of consciousness in terms of the dimensions of time, thought, somatic, and affect crosses different diagnostic systems, and the section is found in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) as well as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) for trauma-related disorders. Based on the current relay model, the four-dimensional model serves as a framework that can guide future research on trauma-related dissociative mechanisms from phenomenological, neurobiological, and physiological perspectives. Keywords: dissociation; consciousness; interoceptive perception; dissociative subtypes; emotion; anterior cingulate gyrus, insula; complex posttraumatic stress disorder