The microscopic features of edema in hepatocytes need to be observed after the patient has undergone a liver puncture biopsy and the puncture biopsy tissue is sent to the pathology department for stained section examination. The patient’s cells are usually found to be edematous under the microscope, with red-stained fine granular material visible in the cytoplasm. Microscopic observation of the patient’s hepatocytes with edema and pale color is a microscopic characteristic of hepatocellular edema. In this case, the patient is in the acute stage of viral hepatitis or other hepatitis-induced changes in the liver cells, and the patient needs to further investigate the cause of the patient’s hepatocellular edema. If the patient is suffering from viral hepatitis, or autoimmune hepatitis, or drug-related hepatitis due to long-term drug use, or alcohol-related hepatitis after long-term alcohol consumption. Further blood tests for viral hepatitis and, if necessary, antinuclear antibodies are required. In addition, ultrasound and, if necessary, CT and nuclear magnetic examinations should be performed to determine the cause of the disease before further treatment.