Chemotherapy and targeted therapy are both drug treatments. Traditional chemotherapeutic drugs have certain damaging effects on both tumor cells and normal cells in human body, so there may be a clinical situation of “enemy is not distinguishable from me”. Targeted therapy, on the other hand, is a treatment method to inhibit tumor growth by using drugs (targeted drugs) that can specifically bind to the abnormal changes of specific sites (targets) on tumor cells that regulate their growth. The advantage is that it can specifically inhibit tumor cells, with significantly fewer side effects than chemotherapy, and some drugs have higher response rates than chemotherapy drugs. Targeted drugs for lung cancer currently in clinical use mainly include: those targeting at blocking cell signaling pathways, such as ERSA, Troche, Crizotinib, etc.; those targeting at anti-tumor blood vessels, such as Bevacizumab, Endo, etc. Some of the targeted drugs have led to significantly longer survival and improved quality of life for patients. Not all patients are suitable for targeted therapy. Targeted drugs have their indications and require genetic testing, and can only be effective when used by those with sensitive genetic mutations. Currently, targeted drugs for non-small cell lung cancer are mainly EGFR inhibitors and ALK inhibitors. Lung cancer patients should be actively tested for EGFR and ALK gene mutation status, and patients with sensitive mutations can benefit significantly from targeted drug therapy.