Optic nerve injuries are divided into direct and indirect injuries. The mechanism of direct optic nerve injury is a fracture of the optic nerve canal resulting in direct trauma or rupture of the optic nerve, which manifests as visual blindness at the time of trauma or within a short period of time. Possible causes of indirect optic nerve injury include intra-optic nerve edema, hematoma, microvascular injury within the optic nerve sheath, altered cerebrospinal fluid circulation, disruption of direct axoplasmic transport, and reduction in the number of nerve axons. Indirect injury is characterized by varying degrees of visual changes, including reduced visual acuity, partial visual field defects, and changes in visual evoked potentials. Since the mechanism of optic nerve injury and repair is still unclear, the treatment of optic nerve injury is mainly treated with hormonal therapy and neurotrophic drugs. The efficacy of optic nerve canal decompression surgery has not been fully confirmed.