Degeneration, trauma, tumors, inflammation, and deformities of the spine lead to dysfunction of the spine, which is usually classified as spinal trauma and spondylolisthesis. Pathological changes in the spine often result in damage to the spinal cord, nerves, blood vessels, and other structures, causing neck and shoulder pain, low back pain, and numbness, weakness, unstable walking, urinary and bowel and sexual dysfunction in the limbs. Most spinal disorders can be cured by conservative treatments such as physical therapy, but over-reliance on conservative measures, even when the cause of neck, shoulder and low back pain is not yet clear, often delays or aggravates the condition. Those with these symptoms should be evaluated, diagnosed and treated by a spine surgeon specializing in spine surgery. The following diseases are commonly treated in spine surgery: 1. spinal trauma: fresh and old fractures of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine and spinal cord injury of the corresponding segment, with total or incomplete neuropathy; 2. spinal bone diseases: degenerative diseases (cervical spondylosis, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, lumbar spondylolisthesis); deformities (scoliosis and retrognathism and hunchback, sloping neck, hemivertebral deformity, etc.); tumors (benign and malignant spinal tumors) (intra- and extramedullary spinal canal tumors); spinal tuberculosis (with or without symptoms of neurological deficiency).