Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is currently recognized worldwide as the best treatment for complex renal and upper ureteral stones. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is guided by B-ultrasound or X-rays to reach the renal collecting system through a skin puncture in the lumbar back to establish a channel with a diameter of about 7-8 mm, and then use ultrasound, pneumatic ballistic, laser and other lithotripsy instruments to break up and remove the kidney stones and upper ureteral stones through this channel to achieve the purpose of treating stones. In contrast, traditional open surgery requires an incision of 375px~500px on the patient’s body and breaking open the renal pelvis or kidney parenchyma to remove the stones, which is traumatic and has obvious damage to the patient’s kidney function. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy has the following advantages: 1. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy has great advantages such as slight trauma, less bleeding, high safety, and fast recovery after surgery. 2, the indications are wide, all the stones that cannot be treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, all the stones in the upper part of the kidney and ureter that need open surgery can be treated by this treatment method, even the stones that are difficult to be treated by open surgery, such as recurrent stones, small calyx stones with combined calyx neck stenosis, and stones in the diverticulum can be treated by minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. 3.Multiple operations can be performed repeatedly: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy can be used for multiple times for recurrent stones and recurrent stones after open surgery, and stones can be removed through the same channel in the second or third stage, and multiple channels can be used to remove stones without aggravating the damage. Many people mistakenly believe that open surgery is more thorough, but in fact, the technology of percutaneous nephrolithotomy is very mature and the stone extraction effect is completely better than open surgery. For some cases with complicated conditions such as combined infection, isolated kidney, spinal deformity, etc., it has the advantage of safety and reliability.