1. blood tests: erythrocyte sedimentation rate and routine blood tests to exclude other systemic diseases necessary laboratory tests. 2. temporal artery biopsy: temporal artery biopsy should be performed if necessary. typical histological changes are granulomatous inflammation of the vessel wall all 3 layers of the arterial wall are involved, the intima and middle layer are more obvious, showing epithelioid macrophages lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells infiltration. 3. visual field examination: mostly seen in its The physiological blind spot is connected to the above-mentioned peripheral visual field defect via an arc-shaped defect area, which is very different from the damage of the visual pathway, indicating that the nerve fiber bundle starting from the optic disc is damaged. This article is published with permission from Dr. Hong Wang.