Acute renal failure (ARF) is one of the most serious complications after cardiac surgery and is an independent risk factor for increased mortality in cardiac surgery, while by the mechanism of postoperative ARF has not been fully elucidated, the occurrence of ARF after cardiac surgery has become one of the hotspots in cardiac surgery research. Researchers have used acute kidney injury (AKI) to reflect the full picture of ARF. The expert consensus panel defined AKI as abnormalities in renal function or structure for no more than 3 months, including abnormalities in blood, urine, tissue testing or imaging of renal injury, and markers.The diagnostic criteria for AKI are diminished renal function within 48 hours, with an absolute increase in SCr >25µmol/L (0.3 mg/dl); or an increase in SCr >50% from the previous level; or Decreased urine output (urine output <0.5 ml/kg/h for >6 h). The factors that cause ARF after cardiac surgery are complex, Chertow et al. collected 42,773 patients from 43 medical centers and found that the factors associated with the development of ARF after cardiac surgery included the type of surgery, baseline renal function, preoperative use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP), history of cardiac surgery, New York Cardiac Function Classification, peripheral vascular disease, pulmonary woven mat (19), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure (CHF), and other factors. These factors lead to pathophysiological changes such as volume vasoconstriction, renal underperfusion, and ischemia-reperfusion injury, leading to the development of ARF.ARF leads to increased postoperative mortality, prolonged ICU stays, prolonged ventilator time, increased central nervous system complications, and prolonged hospitalization of the patient, which is highly correlated with increased hospitalization costs. Prevention and treatment require a combination of tools: diuretics (mannitol or tachycardia), vasoactive drugs (renal doses of dopamine, etc.), hydration, and, if necessary, bedside hemodialysis.