1, urinary tract infection etiology.
(1) the incidence of the disease is extremely high in women, women’s urethra is shorter and more relaxed than men, bacteria are easy to enter. Women’s urethra and the vagina and anus adjacent to the urethra, both vaginal or anal surroundings, there are a large number of bacteria, so susceptible to urinary tract infections; secondly, the physiological cycle is easy to urinary tract infections, sexual life is easy to urethra bacteria to push the bladder and the onset.
(2) Drinking less water, working hard, holding urine, poor health often cold, etc. easily induced urinary tract infections.
(3) urinary tract stones, tumors, urinary tract stenosis, etc., prone to poor urinary flow, bacteria are not easily discharged from the bladder and multiply, or the use of urinary tract equipment will not only bring bacteria into the urinary tract but also easily damage the mucosa of the urinary tract and infection occurs.
(4) Patients with diabetes, indwelling urinary catheters, and urinary tract deformities are prone to infection. If a woman has repeated urinary tract infections, her partner should be checked for prostatitis, urinary tract infections and other diseases, and advocate that the couple be treated together.
2, why are women more likely to get urinary tract infections?
(1) Women’s urethra is shorter and wider than men’s, so bacteria can easily enter.
(2) The urethral opening is too close to the vaginal opening, when the vaginal secretions, bacteria can easily infect the urethral opening, especially women after childbirth, because the pelvic muscles are relaxed, the urethral opening is wider, more likely to get urinary tract infections.
(3) The menstrual period is the peak period for this disease, because there are many bacteria and microorganisms mixed in the menstrual blood, so it is important to keep the vulva clean during the period.
(4) Factors such as sexual intercourse make it easy for the bacteria around the urethra to squeeze into the bladder and become infected.
3.Signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection.
Urinary frequency, urinary urgency, painful urination, burning sensation of urination accompanied by flesh-eye hematuria or microscopic hematuria, lumbago, pain in the small abdomen, pain in the bladder area, more urethral discharge, etc., and even fever, chills, chills, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms of general discomfort. On examination, percussion pain in the lumbar region and percussion pain in the cribriform angle, but many clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis are the same as those of cystitis, and it is difficult to differentiate them based on clinical manifestations alone. There are also some patients who have bacteriuria without any symptoms, an insidious urinary sensation, often found during physical examination.
4. Diagnosis of urinary tract infection.
It mainly relies on laboratory tests, especially bacteriological tests, combined with clinical symptoms and signs. The diagnosis of urinary tract infection should be based on true bacteriuria, and anyone with true bacteriuria can be diagnosed with urinary tract infection. In terms of urine specimen collection, clean mid-section urine should be taken for culture, and bladder puncture urine for qualitative bacterial culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection.
Most patients only have urinary frequency, urinary urgency, urinary pain and other lower urinary tract irritation, which can be treated first without bacterial culture based on urinary routine.
5.How to prevent urinary tract infection?
To prevent urinary tract infections, it is necessary to use the body’s defense mechanism and avoid susceptible factors.
(1) dietary habits: usually should be light food, daily water intake should be greater than 2000ml, adhere to every 2 to 3 hours to urinate once to ensure adequate urine volume, urine volume can play a role in flushing the urethra, promote the discharge of bacteria and toxins, reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections.
(2) Hygiene habits: the large number of bacteria residing in the female perineum and urethra is a prerequisite for the occurrence of urinary tract infections. Therefore, women should pay attention to keep their vulva clean, especially during menstruation, pregnancy and puerperium. Take a shower as much as possible, avoid taking a tub bath, change underwear and take a bath regularly.
(3) Living habits: live regularly, exercise actively, enhance physical fitness, prevent colds, avoid staying up late, avoid overworking, and maintain a relaxed mood.
(4) Remove susceptible factors: actively treat chronic gynecological disorders, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, hypertension and other diseases prone to urinary tract infection, and avoid the use of immunosuppressants as much as possible, which is an important measure to prevent recurrence.
(5) Avoid the use of urinary tract devices and intubation as much as possible, and if they must be used they need to be removed in a timely manner in strict accordance with the relevant norms.
(6) Both parties should wash the vulva before conjugal life and develop the habit of urination afterwards.
(7) Avoid holding urine and keep the bowels open.
(8) Avoid sexual intercourse during the period of urinary tract infection and within one week after cure.
(9) Adhere to treatment: patients with chronic urinary tract infections, patiently adhere to treatment according to medical advice, do not arbitrarily discontinue medication, even after the disappearance of symptoms should be regularly reviewed in the hospital, until the urine bacterial culture several times normal, or according to the planned treatment course after the end of no recurrence can stop medication.
6. Menopausal urinary tract infections.
Urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women are due to reduced estrogen levels. Estrogen has the ability to maintain proper glycosuria stores in the vaginal epithelium and supply the growth of lactobacilli, which can maintain normal vaginal pH at 4.5 or lower, thereby reducing or inhibiting pathogenic bacteria around the urethra and thus reducing the incidence of urinary tract infections in women. Declining estrogen levels make these protective effects less likely. Menopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections should first consult a gynecologist and, if there are no contraindications, local or systemic estrogen supplementation, in addition to antibiotics, can be more effective, especially in reducing the recurrence rate.