I. Definition of varicose veins Strict medical definition: varicose veins of the lower extremities are common, which refers to the condensation, elongation and expansion of the superficial venous system of the lower extremities. Primary lower extremity deep vein valve insufficiency, lower extremity deep vein thrombosis and simple lower extremity varicose veins can cause lower extremity varicose veins. Simple varicose veins, which are often called primary varicose veins of the lower extremities, refer to those whose lesions are only located in the superficial veins of the lower extremities. Most of them occur in saphenous vein, but a few of them are combined with small saphenous vein or occur in small saphenous vein alone. Varicose veins of the lower extremities are common and frequent diseases of peripheral blood vessels. Long time standing or sitting still, due to muscle fatigue and gravity, the blood in the legs does not flow back well, the venous pressure continues to rise, the vein wall is overloaded and abnormal dilatation and twisting occurs, some of the venous valves are not fully occluded and lead to venous blood reflux, so that the blood vessels swell and bulge under the skin. Second, the causes of varicose veins There are two causes of varicose veins in the lower extremities, congenital inheritance and acquired. Congenital superficial venous valve insufficiency, venous dilatation, obesity, etc. can trigger congenital varicose veins. In addition, acquired conditions such as long standing work, long-term smoking, obesity, high blood viscosity, pregnancy, cold, trauma or surgical procedures can also trigger varicose veins. The prevalence of varicose veins in the lower extremities is high. In China, about 1 in 10 people have at least one varicose vein of different degrees in the lower extremities. In Europe and the United States, the rate is even higher. The incidence of varicose veins in women is usually more than four times that of men, which is due to the hormonal level of women, childbirth and other factors. The occurrence of simple lower limb varicose veins is often related to occupational factors, mostly seen in textile workers, hairdressers, salesmen, traffic police and security guards who are often engaged in standing workers. Early mild varicose veins of lower extremities can have no obvious symptoms. When the varicose veins are heavy, the patient’s limbs are sore, numb, sleepy, heavy and easily fatigued after standing for a long time, and the above symptoms disappear after lying down and resting or elevating the affected limbs. When the patient stands, the superficial veins of the diseased limb bulge, dilate, twist, and even curl into a mass, which is usually obvious in the calf and ankle, often without swelling. In case of thrombotic superficial phlebitis, local pain, skin redness and swelling, local pressure pain, and stiff stripes of the same vein. After thrombosis mechanization and calcification, venous stones can be formed. If the disease is long and the varicose vein is heavy, the skin of the foot and boot area can appear atrophy, desquamation, pigmentation, eczema and chronic ulcers. Varicose veins are prone to acute bleeding due to ulcer erosion or rupture caused by trauma. Clinical treatment There are three methods for the treatment of varicose veins in lower limbs: 1.Surgical treatment: For those who have moderate or severe varicose veins, venous valve insufficiency and confirmed deep vein patency, surgical treatment is appropriate as long as they are not too old and not too poor in physical condition. 2.Injection therapy (i.e. drug therapy): Sclerosing agent is injected into varicose veins, which causes a sterile inflammatory reaction in the vein lining and makes the vascular cavity sticky and occluded, turning the varicose veins into sclerotic strips. 3, compression therapy with elastic stockings (varicose veins stockings): V. Therapeutic mechanism of varicose veins stockings At present, for moderate to severe varicose veins, the diseased veins can be effectively blocked or removed by medication and surgical therapy to prevent more serious venous diseases from occurring. However, the cause of varicose veins cannot be eradicated, so there is a high risk that varicose veins will continue to develop in the lower extremities after treatment. Varicose stockings are the only way to prevent and treat mild to moderate varicose veins without pain and with less financial loss to the patient, by effectively maintaining the efficacy of medication or surgery and reducing the likelihood of continued development. Varicose veins stockings can produce evenly decreasing upward pressure starting from the ankle area, which is transmitted to the veins through the skin and muscles, thus promoting normal venous blood return and effectively treating and preventing varicose veins in the lower extremities.