In the past, immunotherapy was limited in its use due to its non-specific nature and uncertainty of efficacy. With the emergence of new immune checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) drugs, immunotherapy is making a dramatic comeback. Kidney cancer is an immunogenic tumor, and it is logical that immunotherapy is the first to make a breakthrough in kidney cancer. Previously, IL-2 had a response rate of only 20%. The current CPIs for CTLA-4 are IPILIMUMAB (IPI) and for PD-1 are NIVOLUMAB (NIVO). phase I clinical trials of NIVO showed a median effective time of 12.9 months, with efficacy lasting another 45 weeks after discontinuation of the drug after effectiveness. The OS time was longer (18.2-25.2 months) in the phase II clinical trial although PFS ranged from 2.7-4.2 months in different NIVO dose groups. Because immune cells infiltrate during the initial phase of immunotherapy and the tumor volume even increases, the PFS assessed by RECIST has limitations and OS is the primary endpoint to evaluate the efficacy. NIVO was compared with second-line targeted therapy in a phase III clinical trial, which announced on July 20, 2015 that the primary study endpoint, OS, was reached ahead of schedule and that a survival benefit was achieved in the trial group. Immunotherapy is not yet satisfied with the benefits of second-line therapy, and trials of immunotherapy + immunotherapy are to be conducted. a phase I clinical trial of NIVO in combination with IPI screened for a combination of efficacy and safety of NIVO 3 mg/kg and IPI 1 mg/kg. a phase III clinical trial of NIVO in combination with IPI as first-line therapy compared with sunitinib is ongoing (CheckMate 214), and several phase III trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors or vaccines in combination with sunitinib versus single agent sunitinib are underway, and sunitinib has been the subject of an immunotherapy challenge. It is likely that immunotherapy is essential in the first-line treatment of kidney cancer in the future, no matter what drugs are used or what drugs are combined. The earliest immunotherapy for prostate cancer was Sipuleucel-T, which prolonged the survival of CRPC patients by 4.1 months compared to placebo, but was extremely costly. The CA184-043 study published last year by ASCO GU (American Society of Clinical Oncology Genitourinary Group), which included CRPC patients who progressed after docetaxel treatment and had at least one bone metastasis and received bone radiotherapy, had an OS of 11.2 months for IPI versus placebo control and 10.0 months, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.053). However, after stratification, IPI was found to significantly prolong OS for a group of patients with a smaller tumor load ([HR] 0.64; p = 0.0038). This group included patients with alkaline phosphatase <1.5 times the upper limit, GS >7, normal LDH, no visceral metastases, and hemoglobin >110 g/L. Another significant finding was that the OS curves were separated from month 5, with 2-year OS of 26.2% and 15%, respectively. Because immunotherapy in melanoma suggests that we must follow up long enough to truly evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy. Immunotherapy trials for pre-chemotherapy or neoadjuvant therapy are ongoing (NCT01194271, NCT01057810). Another phase I clinical trial of tremelimumab, a CTLA-4 antibody, is ongoing with only 12 cases and no tumor control results yet. For NIVO, there is a phase I clinical trial containing 296 patients with progressive tumors (kidney cancer, melanoma, prostate cancer, etc.), but only 17 patients with CRPC received NIVO. melanoma, lung cancer, and kidney cancer are well treated with NIVO, but not CRPC. The low PD-L1 immunohistochemical staining in prostate cancer corroborated the above results. For uroepithelial tumors, there are fewer immunotherapy trials. The effectiveness of neoadjuvant therapy depends on the IHC results of tumor cells infiltrated by immune cells, not on the IHC results of tumor cells alone. Regarding neoadjuvant immunotherapy for bladder cancer, clinical trials of adjuvant immunotherapy versus placebo after surgery for invasive bladder cancer or upper urinary tract uroepithelial cancer are ongoing. expression of PD-L1 predicts overall mortality after radical surgery for muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer. In another trial, the overall response rate was 24% for NIVO, but increased to 46% for PD-L1-positive patients. Other CPIs such as B7-H3, B7-H4, LAG3, and TIM3 have not yet entered clinical studies. Immunotherapy has been very successful in the treatment of breast cancer and melanoma, and the strong return of immunotherapy in urological tumors is inevitable, especially in the treatment of kidney cancer is impressive, and the performance in prostate cancer and uroepithelial cancer is still lacking highlights, but there is still a wide world to be explored.