The five hepatitis B tests are a series of serological indicators for detecting viral infection based on the biological characteristics of the hepatitis B virus and the body’s immune response, including hepatitis B surface antigen, antibody, hepatitis B e antigen, antibody and hepatitis B core antibody, commonly known as the hepatitis B two-and-a-half indicators. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), which exists on the surface of the hepatitis B virus, and a positive HBsAg test indicates that the human body is infected by the hepatitis B virus, i.e., the presence of the hepatitis B virus in the body. Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) is the neutralizing antibody produced by the human immune system against the hepatitis B surface antigen, which is the only protective antibody. A positive HBsAb indicates that the body is resistant to the hepatitis B virus and can kill the hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) exists inside the hepatitis B virus. When the hepatitis B virus infects the body and begins to replicate, the e antigen can be released into the bloodstream, at which time the five tests for hepatitis B indicate a positive e antigen, which is a sign of active replication and infectiousness of the virus. Hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb) is a neutralizing antibody produced by the body’s immune system against the internal e antigen of the hepatitis B virus, which usually indicates a decrease in hepatitis B virus replication and infectiousness. Hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) is a neutralizing antibody produced by the immune system in response to the core antigen of the hepatitis B virus, and is positive for patients who are or have been infected with the hepatitis B virus and have recovered from it. In summary, the five hepatitis B tests are important indicators for detecting hepatitis B virus infection, and clinicians can evaluate the patient’s condition and guide treatment by combining the results of the five hepatitis B tests and the hepatitis B virus DNA test.