Schizophrenia is one of the most disabling and disease-burdened mental disorders, with a lifetime prevalence of 1%. The disorder is characterized by a range of prominent psychiatric dysfunction, usually starting in adolescence or early adulthood, and has a wide range of effects on the well-being, health and social functioning of the patient. The vast majority of patients with the disorder are unable to maintain independent living after the onset of the disease. Once the disease progresses to a chronic course, it manifests as impairments in rational perception of the environment, in maintaining coherent thought processes, or in the inability to express one’s thoughts, plans, and behaviors in an appropriate manner. 1990 saw the first introduction of the 5-axis symptoms of schizophrenia by Kay: positive symptoms, negative symptoms, arousal symptoms, depressive symptoms, and cognitive symptoms. Since then, more and more attention has been paid to the impairment of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Early schizophrenia phenomenologists such as Kraepelin and Bleuler emphasized cognitive impairment as an important clinical aspect of the disorder. During the resting phase of the disease, patients continue to have cognitive and social impairments that greatly limit their ability to fully recover and integrate into society, and the presence of cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia has led to a consensus. As a group, patients with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in a range of higher cognitive functions, including problems with attention, long-term memory, operational memory, abstraction and planning, and phonological comprehension and creativity. In addition to attention problems associated with the patient’s internal preoccupation and with hallucinatory and delusional experiences, patients with schizophrenia also have difficulty focusing on the task or event in question; attention problems are also manifested by the inability to shift attention quickly. Operational memory is the ability to temporarily store and manage information to quickly guide thinking and behavior, and operational memory problems have been identified as a fundamental cognitive deficit in schizophrenia; these theories suggest that many clinical features of schizophrenia are manifestations of operational memory deficits, such as thought impairment can be looked at as an inability to remember phonological objects, and problems in multitasking, distraction, and plan making can involve operational memory problems. It has been noted that long-term stated memory deficits are an important cause of disability in schizophrenia, and although memory problems may not be progressive or as severe as Alzheimer’s dementia, they are also evident, and common and clinically relevant manifestations of this deficit include forgetting appointments or treatment instructions, all of which may directly affect the patient’s treatment and stability. Cognitive impairment is present in all types of schizophrenia, and cognitive impairment is a major cause of impaired social and occupational functioning in patients, while cognitive impairment also affects treatment outcomes. Modern schizophrenia treatment lacks significant effects on the improvement of cognitive function. Typical antipsychotics exacerbate cognitive impairment because they can cause secondary deficit symptoms, and atypical antipsychotics can improve cognitive function but with less effect. Therefore, the development of new treatments for cognitive dysfunction is one of the important directions of psychopharmacological research. Studies have shown that selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors and glucose transporter 1 inhibitors appear to be effective but lack in-depth studies in improving cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. The complex symptoms exhibited by patients with schizophrenia reflect the heterogeneity of the disorder rather than a single cause, which includes the biological, psychological, and social environment and their interactions that combine to cause functional impairment in the brain. In recent years, scientific researchers have attempted to apply multi-targeted therapeutic strategies to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and have found superior efficacy and clinical promise over single-targeted drug therapy. It is based on this idea that from 2003 to 2008, our hospital was funded by the Stanley Foundation to conduct a study on the efficacy and safety of kidney tonic capsules in the treatment of schizophrenia patients, and it was found that kidney tonic capsules had improved cognitive function, quality of life and outcome in patients with chronic schizophrenia or negative schizophrenia, and that kidney tonic capsules had improved learning and memory in rats with depression model. The study found that the capsules had improved cognitive function, quality of life and efficacy in patients with chronic schizophrenia or negative schizophrenia.