Schizophrenia surgery has been around for nearly a century, and the earliest such surgery dates back to 1930, when the Portuguese psychiatrist Fulton performed a double frontal lobotomy on a vicious chimpanzee, which became docile afterwards. in 1936, he operated on 36 schizophrenic patients with remarkable results; in 1949, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for this Prize. From 1945 to 1952, 5,000 and 3,000 similar craniotomies were performed in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively. Although effective, the surgeries were more traumatic and were gradually abandoned. Psychosurgery entered a period of low tide. In 1946, Papez, an American neurosurgeon, proposed the “emotional circuit theory”, which suggested that the brain innervation of emotions and mental activities originated from the limbic system of the human brain. In 1948, he proposed the theory of “blocking the emotional circuit and connecting fibers for the treatment of psychosis”. In 1960, Swedish neurosurgeons used this theory to treat 49 cases of schizophrenia with an efficiency of 86%, and the stereotactic surgery was less damaging and more accurate, which brought psychosurgery to a new stage of development. Since 1980, with the popularization and application of head CT, MRI, and DTI techniques, stereotactic techniques have become more and more perfect, especially in the past 5 years, due to the advancement of neuronavigation, DBS, and RF technology, the application of neuromodulation surgery for schizophrenia has become the main minimally invasive treatment concept at present. Unlike earlier surgeries, this type of neuromodulation surgery technique is more minimally invasive, and multiple neurological targets can be treated in a single surgery, which is characterized by: 1. small scalp incision, only 1~3 cm 2. accurate localization, with theoretical localization error of nuclei less than 1 mm 3. lasting and stable efficacy. The summary of thousands of domestic and foreign neuromodulation surgery cases shows that the recent surgical efficiency of schizophrenia reaches 92%~98% within 2 years; the long-term efficiency reaches 85%~89% within 10 years. Modern neuromodulation surgery has a wide range of indications, not only for severe schizophrenia, but also for severe mania, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, epilepsy with psychotic disorder, cerebral hypoplasia with aggressive psychotic disorder, etc. According to functional neurologists, modern neuromodulation surgery requires multidisciplinary participation, and collective discussions among experts in psychiatry, anesthesiology, imaging, and functional neurology help to formulate the best treatment plan. In this regard, the public should be fully informed so as not to miss the best time for treatment.