Overview】 Female urethral syndrome is a group of symptoms, mainly urinary frequency, urinary urgency and urinary pain. The onset of symptoms varies in severity and recurrence. This syndrome can be caused by a variety of diseases, systemic factors include mental and psychological factors, neurogenic factors, decreased estrogen levels, immune factors and medical factors; local factors include chronic infection of the paraurethral glands and spasm of the external urethral sphincter, variation of the external urethral orifice, such as labia minora fusion, urethral hymen fusion, hymen umbrella, etc.; diagnosis and treatment of this disease need to distinguish the cause, accurate treatment, comprehensive treatment. Clinical manifestations】 1, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, painful urination, often sudden, and rapidly aggravated within a few hours. Urgency of urination, urination can not wait. Severe pain at the urethral orifice and obvious burning sensation in the urethra. Patients complain of fear of drinking and urination. 2. There may be abdominal pain and low back pain, pain in the suprapubic area and kidney area, perineal pain, and discomfort at the entrance of the vagina. 3, hematuria each time the volume of urine is small, there is flesh-eye hematuria or even blood dripping from the urethra. 4.Other symptoms generally have no systemic symptoms, occasionally may be chills and fever, symptoms change quickly. The symptoms can be relieved rapidly after treatment at the early stage of the disease, and the effect of drug treatment is poor at the later stage. It is easy to attack after drinking less water, fatigue and sexual life. Diagnostic points] 1. The onset of the attack has certain triggers, the initial attack has typical symptoms, the course of the disease is not long, the recovery is fast after treatment, the late stage is poor, the course of the disease is prolonged and recurrent attacks. 2, vulvar examination recurrent urethral infection, it is necessary to conduct vulvar examination to find local causes, such as the presence of labia minora fusion, urethral stenosis, distal urethral fibrosis, stenosis, and hymen abnormalities; transvaginal anterior wall palpation; urethra with or without pressure pain, pressure with or without pus outflow; presence of urethral meatus, urethral mucosa prolapse; presence of glandular orifice redness, swelling, pus overflow, etc. 3, laboratory tests routine urine examination can sometimes find a small number of pus cells and red blood cells. Urine culture specimens should be collected before the administration of drugs and performed several times. Bacteria can be detected in some patients, most of them are E. coli. However, some patients can be found negative. 4, other tests according to the findings of the patient’s general examination, further selection of other pathogens detection, or cystoscopy, urodynamic examination and radiological examination when available, to further collect diagnostic and differential diagnostic basis. 5.Differential diagnosis needs to exclude local chemical, physical and physiological irritants, pinworms, trichomonas, etc., and gynecological diseases, etc. in the diagnosis. If the symptoms persist for several months and worsen progressively, the possibility of tuberculosis should be excluded. Treatment plan and principles】 A comprehensive treatment plan combining causative and symptomatic treatment can achieve better results. Treatment of acute attack: 1. Anti-infection treatment with appropriate antibiotics can often relieve the symptoms of attack, commonly used drugs are sulfonamides, macrolides, quinolones, metronidazole, etc.. The Chinese herbal medicines for clearing heat, detoxifying and removing dampness also have certain efficacy. If the urine culture can find the pathogenic bacteria, it can be adjusted according to the drug sensitivity. If other pathogens are found, the corresponding antibiotics should be selected. 2, symptomatic treatment pay attention to rest, drink more water, urinate more, alkalize the urine. Clean perineum, vagina, sitz bath, etc. Sedation, antispasmodic, alpha-blocker, etc. 3, surgical treatment on the basis of the infection has been controlled, must be found lesions and foci for surgical treatment; such as urethral orifice dilatation, urethral distal segment fiber ring release or incision, urethral episiotomy, urethral meatus, paraurethral gland cyst, urethral diverticulum excision, etc.. After the surgical treatment, it is still necessary to maintain anti-infection and symptomatic treatment for a period of time. 4, other treatment according to the different conditions of individual patients, other adjuvant treatment can be selected. Menopausal women, if not contraindicated, can be given estrogen therapy. Some patients can choose physical therapy, such as microwave therapy, hot compresses, etc. Some patients can choose psychological and biofeedback therapy, sedation therapy, local closure therapy and acupuncture therapy.