Vaccination against hepatitis B is the most effective way to prevent HBV infection. The targets of hepatitis B vaccination are mainly newborns, followed by infants and children, unimmunized people under 15 years old and high-risk groups (such as medical personnel, people with frequent contact with blood, workers in childcare institutions, organ transplant patients, frequent recipients of blood transfusions or blood products, people with low immune function, people prone to trauma, family members of HBsAg-positive people, men who have sex with men or multiple sexual partners and people who inject drugs intravenously). The hepatitis B vaccine is required to be administered for 3 weeks.) Three doses of hepatitis B vaccine are required for the entire course, according to the 0, 1 and 6 months procedure, i.e., after the first vaccination, the second and third doses are given at intervals of 1 month and 6 months. Hepatitis B vaccination for newborns should be given within 24 hours of birth, the earlier the better. The vaccination site is intramuscular in the lateral anterior gluteal muscle for newborns and intramuscular in the middle deltoid muscle of the upper arm for children and adults. Newborns of HBsAg-negative mothers can be immunized with 5 μg or 10 μg yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine; children who were not vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine during the neonatal period should be given a catch-up dose of 5 μg or 10 μg recombinant yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine; for adults, 20 μg yeast or 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine is recommended. For those who are immunocompromised or non-responders, the vaccination dose (e.g. 60 μg) and number of doses should be increased; for those who do not respond to the 3-dose immunization program, they can receive 3 more doses and have their serum tested for anti-HBs 1 to 2 months after the second 3-dose hepatitis B vaccine, and if they still do not respond, they can receive a 60 μg recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine. The protective effect of hepatitis B vaccination for those with antibody response generally lasts for at least 12 years, therefore, anti-HBs monitoring or booster immunization is not required for the general population. However, anti-HBs monitoring can be performed in high-risk groups, and booster immunization can be given if anti-HBs is <10 mIU/mL.