Foreign scholars Drossman et al. believe that anyone who has more than 25% of normal bowel movements or/and 2 bowel movements per week or less can be considered constipated. However, in reality, the interval between bowel movements varies greatly depending on diet, life, bowel habits and food composition. Although it takes a long time to defecate, as long as it is smooth and there is no discomfort, it cannot be regarded as constipation. Therefore, it is generally believed that constipation refers to constipation, prolonged defecation time, or difficulty in defecation despite the intention to defecate, or a sense of incompleteness or discomfort after defecation, or with abdominal fullness and bloating or even other discomfort. If you have the above symptoms, even if you have one or more bowel movements per day, you should be considered constipated. The danger of constipation】 Long-term constipation, because the harmful substances produced in the body can not be discharged in a timely manner, is income blood, causing poor nausea, nausea, belching, bitterness, bad breath, irritability, mouth and tongue sores, gum swelling, eyes red swelling, nose and mouth bleeding, acne and dizziness and weakness, mental frenzy or indifference, depression, personality and a series of toxic symptoms. Some even trigger anemia, malnutrition, fecal stone disease, fecal impaction, anal fissure, hemorrhoids, colorectal ulcers, inducing rectal cancer, can also make asthma, emphysema, pulmonary heart disease, hypertension, coronary heart disease, gastrointestinal disease and other age-related or chronic diseases aggravated, and even sudden death by defecation. Constipation makes the intestinal tract of the retention of toxins absorption, but also promote premature aging or aging before. Constipation also leads to hair loss and breast disease. Constipation classification] Outlet obstructive constipation Organic outlet obstructive constipation Functional outlet obstructive constipation Rectal prolapse Puborectal myelopathy Endorectal prolapse/endoprosthesis Perineal descent syndrome Colonic constipation Organic colonic constipation Functional colonic constipation Colonic redundancy Colonic paralysis (colonic slow transmission disorder) Reduced neurological activity Thinning of intestinal muscles Mixed constipation [manifestations of constipation] Outlet obstructive constipation Constipation Colon type constipation Mixed constipation [Diagnosis of constipation] Detailed medical history Defecography Colonic transport test Barium enema Electromyography Rectal manometry [Treatment of constipation] Conservative treatment Increase exercise Drinking water Dietary therapy Medication Western medicine: bulking laxatives, the main effect is to increase intestinal contents to promote intestinal motility. Commonly used are slow special diarrhea, agar, Yishuo diarrhea, methylcellulose, etc. Stimulant laxatives, commonly used such as phenolphthalein, anthraquinones such as rhubarb, senna standard preparation Senokot and Boswellia bark. These drugs are absorbed in the small intestine, decomposed in the body into the active substance rhodopsin excreted into the colon, stimulating the intestinal muscular plexus to cause intestinal motility. Castor oil after oral administration by the action of pancreatic lipase, hydrolysis into ricinoleic acid and glycerol, the former has a stimulating effect on the small intestinal mucosa, causing increased intestinal reflex peristalsis. Salt laxatives, such as magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate and other services in the intestinal tract is not absorbed, three hours to act. Stool softeners, such as disodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) is a surfactant that softens the stool and reduces the surface tension of the stool, while allowing water to seep into the stool. Lactulose (a synthetic disaccharide that ferments in the colon to produce soft stools, with the side effect of gas production causing abdominal tension, often dose-related. Poloxalkal can be used alone or in combination with stimulant laxatives. Rectal colonics are commonly used with glycerol suppositories and bisacodyl (Beog-ex), which produces CO2 gas in the rectum, causing the intestinal cavity to swell and lead to defecation. But no matter lubricating laxatives such as liquid paraffin, olive oil, glycerin, or stimulating laxatives such as phenolphthalein, rhubarb, or swelling laxatives such as agar, methylcellulose, etc., all have the side effect of interfering with the normal activities of the intestine and absorption, and long-term use can reduce the responsiveness of the nerve receptor cells in the intestinal wall, even if there is a sufficient amount of stool in the intestine, there is no normal peristaltic movement and defecation reflex, so that it is difficult to defecate without taking laxatives or enemas, making This makes it difficult to defecate without taking laxatives or enemas, making it addictive and forming stubborn constipation that depends on laxatives. Long-term use of diphenhydramine can cause liver dysfunction; long-term use of liquid paraffin can prevent absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D and K, calcium and phosphorus, and there is a risk of lipid-like pneumonia; the stimulating effect of laxatives can also reflexively cause pelvic organ congestion, causing excessive menstruation in women and miscarriage in pregnant women. Chinese medicine believes that often take rhubarb, senna leaf, petunia seeds, sesame pill, niuhuang detoxification tablets, Shangqing pill and other bitter cold laxatives, will hurt the qi and lose fluid, the more diarrhea more constipation. The Chinese medicine treatment of constipation] identification and treatment of constipation is generally divided into two categories of deficiency and reality, always to regulate the qi, nourishing the intestinal tract as the main method of treatment. Actual constipation: Mostly seen in new diseases or temporary intestinal peristaltic dysfunction. Patients are mostly strong and solid, the duration of the disease is mostly short, and the treatment is mainly laxative. Proper identification of evidence, often rub hands and heal. However, diarrhea is bitter and cold, and it is easy to hurt the stomach qi, so it should be stopped immediately in the middle of the disease, and it should not be given for a long time. The same disease in the surface: is the heat of the stomach and intestines incandescent and superficial evidence. The main symptoms are constipation, irritability and thirst, red face and lips, irritable heat in the chest and diaphragm, body heat and slight evil wind and cold. The tongue is red, the coating is yellow or white, and the pulse is floating. The treatment is to remove the fire and open the stool, so that both the exterior and the interior are relieved. Acupuncture Qigong single experimental formula for constipation】 There are many single experimental prescriptions for constipation in the folklore, among which the efficacy is precise. 2~5g of raw rhubarb or 5~10g of senna leaf is taken in boiling water, mainly for constipation with real evidence. Betel nut 15g, thick park and orange leaf 9g each in water decoction, mainly for constipation with gas stagnation. Sesame oil or bee dense in appropriate amount taken orally, treating constipation due to deficiency of Yin and Blood. Astragalus membranaceus, Fructus Hemp Seed 30g each, Su Zi 15g decoction, treating constipation of Qi deficiency. Silver fungus 30g daily decoction with sugar in appropriate amount, or 30g decoction of raw shouwu; or angelica and cistanches 20g each decoction to drink as tea. All can cure habitual constipation. [Surgery for constipation] Proctal prolapse Transvaginal repair Ruffle repair Stacked suture repair Transrectal repair Stacked suture repair Sclerosing injection PPH cut and sew PPH cut and sew suture fixation Endorectal detachment/internal sleeve PPH cut and sew suture fixation Sclerosing injection PPH cut and sew + suture fixation Mucosal cut and sew Puborectal muscle sign Transanal cut Transcoccygeal cut Transcoccygeal partial resection Transcoccygeal cut Reverse encapsulation Colonic redundancy Partial colectomy anastomosis Colonic paralysis (slow transmission of the colon) Total colectomy Ileo-rectal anastomosis Partial colectomy Subtotal colectomy Selective colectomy anastomosis.