Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is an important part of the minimally invasive urology field. It is the main treatment method of modern urological stones, together with ureteroscopy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, in the treatment of kidney and ureteral stones, and has revolutionized the surgical treatment field of traditional open surgery. Through percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureteroscopy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, more than 90% of kidney stones can be removed from the pain of traditional surgery. In recent years, with the development of a large number of clinical practice techniques and the continuous improvement of surgical instruments, the scope of treatment has been greatly developed and expanded, and the surgical methods are more focused on the development of minimally invasive. It has successfully cured a large number of patients who developed multiple or cast kidney stones. Treatment methods of percutaneous nephrolithotomy: One-stage surgery: renal puncture fistula and nephrolithotomy treatment are performed at the same time to treat the stone at one time. One-stage surgery can be performed in most cases. The advantages are: one surgery, one anesthesia, less trauma, less pain, and shorter hospital stay. Disadvantages: bleeding during the puncture and the procedure may lead to poor visualization and termination of the procedure. Second-stage surgery: The first time the kidney is punctured and fistulized, the kidney disease improves, the physical condition improves, and the sinus tract of the fistula is formed and then the surgery is performed for nephrological examination and treatment. It is suitable for those who have severe kidney insufficiency caused by combined infection and stones; those who have bleeding tendency; those who terminate the first stage surgery; and those who have residual stones after surgery. The advantages are: less bleeding with sinus surgery and clear vision. Part of the second stage surgery can be performed without anesthesia. Indications for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: All kinds of kidney stones and upper ureteral stones are indications for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Among them, kidney stones larger than 2.5 cm, especially cast stones; complex kidney stones, diverticulum stones, intrarenal type pelvic stones; cystine stones, a kind of calcium oxalate stones that have failed to be treated by extracorporeal lithotripsy; kidney stones with combined upper ureteral or pelvic-ureteral junction stenosis and other kinds of stones should be preferred for percutaneous nephrolithoscopy. Possible complications of percutaneous nephrolithotomy: 1. Bleeding: is a common complication of stage I percutaneous nephrolithotomy. If intraoperative bleeding is severe, the operation needs to be stopped, more bleeding needs blood transfusion, or even emergency open surgery to explore and stop bleeding. 2, renal mons perforation: the discovery of renal mons perforation also requires immediate stopping of the procedure, placement of ureteral stent tube and nephrostomy tube, adequate drainage, and waiting for stage II surgery. 3.Dilutional hyponatremia: caused by excessive absorption of body water during flushing during surgery, which also has to stop the surgery. 4, perinephric pus accumulation: postoperative infection around the kidney is not controlled cause, so before and after surgery need adequate anti-infection treatment, postoperative must keep the ureteral catheter and nephrostomy tube drainage unobstructed. 5, adjacent organ damage: puncture may damage the pleura, causing pneumothorax, immediately stop the operation, first deal with pneumothorax treatment. Injury to the intestinal canal, general conservative treatment is often effective.