I. What is kidney stone?
In recent years, with the improvement of people’s living standard and the great change of diet structure, the incidence of kidney stones has been increasing year by year. Kidney stones refer to stones that occur in the renal calyces, renal pelvis and the connection between the renal pelvis and ureter. The kidney is the main site of urinary stone formation, and ureteral stones almost always come from the kidney. As a common and frequent disease, kidney stones can be completely asymptomatic in mild cases, or acute obstructive anuria and acute renal failure can occur in severe cases, causing great harm to health. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important.
What are the factors of kidney stone formation?
Kidney stones need a long-term accumulation process, urinary tract infection and certain metabolic diseases are the main factors in the formation of kidney stones.
1, excessive accumulation of oxalic acid in the body.
2.Purine metabolism malfunction. After purine enters the body, the metabolism of uric acid formed can contribute to the precipitation of oxalate in the urine.
3.Excessive protein intake.
4, calcium metabolism malfunction, urinary calcium concentration is too high.
What are the symptoms of kidney stones?
The main symptoms of kidney stones are pain and hematuria.
1.Pain: mostly manifested as dull pain and hidden pain in the waist, sometimes it can also manifest as severe renal colic and abdominal radiating pain, which can be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, heavy sweating and other symptoms.
2.Hematuria: It is mostly manifested as microscopic hematuria, which is found when doing routine urine examination. When there is more physical activity, such as labor and exercise, meatus hematuria may occasionally appear.
3, other symptoms: when secondary to acute pyelonephritis or renal pus accumulation, systemic symptoms such as fever, chill, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, urinary pain and other urinary tract irritation symptoms may occur, and pus cells may appear in urine examination. When bilateral upper urinary tract stones are completely obstructed, it can lead to acute obstructive anuria. Kidney stones and urinary tract infection can be causally related and promote each other.
What are the treatment methods for kidney stones?
At present, the main treatment methods for kidney stones are conservative therapy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), traditional parenchymal/pelvic lithotripsy and the classical minimally invasive treatment method, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy.
1.Conservative treatment is mainly suitable for kidney stones less than 6mm.
2.Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is mainly used to treat kidney stones smaller than 2cm. For kidney stones larger than 2 cm and complicated kidney stones, the residual rate of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is high, and too many times of shock wave lithotripsy will cause damage to the kidney and bring about corresponding complications, so it is generally not recommended.
3. For kidney stones larger than 2 cm and complicated kidney stones, the traditional treatment method is parenchymal/pelvic dissection and extraction. Obviously, this treatment not only has long operation time, trauma, bleeding, pain and complications, but also has long recovery time and long hospitalization period for patients after surgery.
With the continuous progress and development of lumpectomy science and technology, percutaneous nephrolithotomy has opened a new way to treat large stones and complicated kidney stones. Especially since the 1990s, percutaneous nephrolithotomy has become the gold standard for the treatment of complex kidney stones, and has been more and more widely used in clinical practice. Compared with traditional lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy not only has shorter operation time, less trauma, less bleeding, higher stone removal rate, less pain and less complications, but also has faster recovery and shorter hospitalization period for patients after surgery. At present, more and more patients are starting to receive percutaneous nephrolithotomy to treat complicated kidney stones.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a procedure that involves making a skin incision of about 1cm in the lumbar back, establishing a surgical channel from the skin to the renal pelvis and calyces using a puncture expansion technique, inserting a nephrolithoscope, using ultrasound, ballistic and other lithotripsy equipment to break up the stones, and using a suction device to suck the stones out of the body.
V. How to prevent kidney stones?
1. Drinking more water has a preventive effect on all components of urinary stones, which can promote the discharge of small stones, while diluting urine can prevent the formation of urinary stone crystals and slow down the growth of stones. Here we advocate drinking water eight words, that is, “drink a lot of water, balanced drinking water”, that is, at night should also drink a glass of water before going to sleep, so as to maintain a balanced distribution of urine for 24 hours.
2, reduce the intake of high protein, high purine and high oxalic acid food.