What is the cause of urethral stricture? Traumatic urethral strictures: the most frequent are bulbar urethral strictures, including penetrating injuries (gunshot wounds, stab wounds), blunt injuries (straddling injuries, penile contusions) and crushing injuries (pelvic fractures); medical injuries: due to intraurethral instrumentation or urethral compression necrosis or chemical irritation from indwelling urinary catheters; inflammatory: inflammatory urethral strictures are caused by specific or non-specific urethral infections. Inflammatory: Inflammatory urethral strictures are caused by specific or non-specific urethral infections. Early symptoms 1. Difficulty in urination Difficulty in urination is the main symptom of urethral stricture, which can be mild or severe, and is related to the degree of stricture, manifested by thinning of the urine line, prolonged urination, nocturia, frequent urination, dribbling, or even inability to urinate. 2.Bladder irritation and bladder loss of compensation Such as urinary urgency, urinary frequency, incomplete urination, urine loss and other bladder irritation performance. If the compensatory function of the bladder is lost, residual urine, urinary retention, and overflow incontinence may occur. 3.Complications It can be complicated by periurethral infection, upper urinary tract infection and genital tract infection. In the acute phase, there may be generalized chills, high fever, and a significant increase in white blood cell count. The periurethral cellulitis is characterized by redness, swelling and pain in the perineum, and the formation of an abscess may lead to urinary fistula, which is located at the distal end of the external sphincter and overflows only during urination. If the fistula is located at the distal end of the external sphincter, there is only urine spillage at the fistula opening during urination. Diagnosis and examination (a) physical examination 1. urethral palpation and external scrotal examination 2. anorectal examination (b) auxiliary examination 1. urethral probe examination 2. urethrography examination 3. ultrasound 4. urethral palpation and external scrotal examination 5. anorectal examination 6. other examinations: endoscopy can clarify the lesion under direct vision and perform the necessary endoluminal surgery. Urography should be performed for suspected upper urinary tract lesions. For traumatic posterior urethral strictures, MRI has also been performed to show the length of the stricture and the displacement of the prostate more clearly. 1) Pay attention to physical exercise to improve the body’s resistance, even if a small amount of pathogenic bacteria invade the urethra, the body’s immune protection barrier can kill them without causing disease. 2) Good drinking habits are the easiest way to prevent urinary tract infections. Drink more water, urinate more to the urinary tract to play a flushing role, so that from time to time invade the urinary tract of trace bacteria with the urine and out of the body. Generally, it is better to urinate once every 2 to 3 hours. 3) Pay attention to the hygiene of the perineum on a regular basis, wash it regularly, do not use soap, soda and other alkaline solutions to avoid the destruction of the barrier role of the acidic fluid secreted by the urethra. Fourth, the diet should be light, easy to digest, should eat food rich in water, nutrition and vitamins; should eat more fresh vegetables, fruits, such as green vegetables, watermelon, pear, fresh lotus root, loquat, etc.; should drink more water, soup, can diuretic; should have more meals with heat detoxification, diuretic and laxative effect of food: chrysanthemum brain soup, shepherd’s purse soup, marjoram, winter melon soup, corn beard, white fruit, hawthorn, celery, lettuce, mung beans, adzuki beans etc.