Leukemia is a malignant proliferative disease of the hematopoietic system that can infiltrate into various tissues and organs, thus causing a series of clinical manifestations of malignant blood disorders. Clinical manifestations include anemia, hemorrhage, fever, and infiltration of leukemic cells, and it is the most common malignant tumor in pediatric patients. Among them, acute lymphoblastic leukemia accounts for 70% to 80%, acute myeloid leukemia accounts for 15% to 25%, and chronic granulocytic leukemia accounts for 3% to 5%. The incidence is higher in males than in females, and is more common in preschool and school-age children.
The onset of childhood leukemia is mostly acute, with a few slow onset.
Early symptoms include: pallor, mental weakness, fatigue, low appetite, nasal or gum bleeding, etc.; a few children have fever and bone and joint pain similar to rheumatic fever as the first symptoms.
1.Fever: caused by tumor itself or secondary infection, it can be low fever, irregular fever, persistent high fever or flaccid fever.
2. Progressive anemia: anemia appears early and worsens with the development of the disease, manifested as pallor, weakness and shortness of breath after activity. The anemia is mainly due to the suppression of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells.
3. Bleeding: Skin and mucous membrane bleeding is common, manifested as purpura, petechiae, nasal bleeding, gingival bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding and hematuria. Occasionally, there is intracranial hemorrhage, which is one of the important causes of death. The main causes of bleeding are: (1) infiltration of bone marrow by leukemia cells and inhibition of megakaryocytes, resulting in decreased platelet production and inadequate function; (2) infiltration of liver by leukemia cells, resulting in impaired liver function and inadequate production of fibrinogen, prothrombin and factor V; (3) infection and infiltration of leukemia cells, resulting in impaired capillaries and increased vascular permeability; (4) complicated by diffuse intravascular coagulation.
4, leukemia cell infiltration manifestation: liver, spleen, lymph node enlargement; bone or joint pain; central nervous system, testis, parotid gland, skin or other organs infiltration manifestation.