Lung cancer is a common malignant tumor of the lung, and its main treatment is surgery (lobectomy or total lung resection). After surgery, patients often experience temporary respiratory depression and are unable to take deep breaths and cough up sputum due to surgical trauma and pain at the drainage site, and complications such as pulmonary atelectasis, lung infection and respiratory failure may occur. Preoperative respiratory function training and guidance 1. Preoperative education: Explain to patients with a history of smoking the hazards of smoking to health and surgery, and absolutely quit smoking for one week before surgery. Explain clearly the respiratory reactions caused by anesthesia and surgery, the possible postoperative complications, and the effect of bed rest and inactivity on respiration after surgery, so that patients can realize the importance of respiratory function exercise and actively cooperate. 2. Instruct the patients to learn deep breathing method, practice chest deep breathing in sitting position and abdominal deep breathing in lying position, 2 or 3 times a day for about 15 minutes each time. Begin one week before surgery and perform appropriate physical exercise to increase lung capacity. 3. Learn effective coughing methods and instruct the patient to inhale deeply and then cough with the strength of the chest and abdomen to the maximum. Explain to the patient that effective coughing can prevent pulmonary atelectasis and lung infection. 4. Instruct the patients to train with lung function expanders. Each patient in this group was equipped with a lung function expander trainer with a scale to show the volume of each inspiration, which easily aroused the patients’ interest. Patients were instructed to take a sitting or semi-recumbent position to exhale deeply and then hold the mouthpiece connected to the lung function expander for maximum inspiration. The procedure should be performed once a day in the morning and once in the evening, starting one week before surgery, suspended on the day of surgery, and continued after the third postoperative day, as many times as necessary. Explain to the patient that the preoperative lung function expansion trainer exercise can increase the patient’s lung capacity and maximum ventilation, thus improving lung function. 5. For patients with chronic bronchitis, emphysema or lung infection, perform antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory treatment as prescribed by the doctor. If the sputum is sticky and not easy to be expelled, give gentamicin 80,000 U + chymotrypsin 5 mg + saline 20 ml 2 or 3 times a day and ultrasonic nebulized inhalation. In addition to the application of analgesic drugs, patients can adopt a semi-recumbent position with a pillow under the knee to maintain a comfortable posture, and gently move or massage the neck and scapula to eliminate muscle tension and maintain the appropriate frequency and amplitude of breathing. All 15 patients in this group adopted the method of postoperative epidural tube infusion of analgesic combined with muscle relaxation, and the respiratory rate of 90% of patients in the first 72 h was 22-28 breaths/min. 2. Implement rehabilitation training of assisted respiratory activities: with the patient’s expiratory movement, the thorax is compressed by hand, which can make the inspiratory thorax expand, enhance the inspiratory volume and airflow speed, and also promote the movement of bronchial secretions. The thorax can also be moved without stiffness, thus promoting the expansion of the residual lung. 3.Guidance on respiration: After awakening from anesthesia, respiratory guidance is given, with 10 to 20 deep breaths every 2 h. Abdominal breathing is strengthened in the horizontal position until the chest drain is removed at 48 to 72 h. The guidance on respiration is beneficial to lung expansion, improving pulmonary ventilation and lung compliance. 4. Assist in sputum evacuation: Preoperatively, due to the inhibition of cough reflex by anesthetic drugs and the inability to cough effectively due to pain, especially for those with a long history of smoking, the small airway function is poor and there is often airway retention and more sputum, so assistance in sputum evacuation is needed. The patient takes a sitting position, the operator stands at the bedside, the palm of the hand is in the shape of a cup, taps the chest wall corresponding to the sputum site, and at the same time encourages the patient to cough and presses the thorax on the operated side with the palm of both hands, relaxes both hands when inhaling, and presses both hands when coughing, in order to protect the wound and reduce the incision pain caused by chest wall vibrations. For patients with weak cough, a nasal cannula can be used to stimulate an effective cough to discharge secretions. If the above methods are ineffective and the patient has more respiratory secretions, aspiration through the bronchial fiberscope can be used. Early exercise training: Early activity can prevent pneumonia and lower limb venous thrombosis, and after recovery from anesthesia on the day of surgery, the patient can be instructed and assisted to start activity. Some patients are reluctant to exercise after surgery because of trauma pain or fear of trauma dehiscence, so the necessity of systemic functional training should be fully explained, and exercises in the range of motion of the upper limbs and shoulder joints should be performed.