There are several treatment options available for prostate cancer. The choice of treatment options is based on the patient’s tumor grade, the presence of metastases, physical condition, life expectancy and the patient’s wishes. Treatment options can be divided into two general categories: radical treatment and palliative treatment. Treatment options for localized prostate cancer include particle implantation therapy, brachytherapy and radical prostatectomy. Other treatment options such as cryotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound, and particle implantation combined with brachytherapy are still not the conventional treatment options for limited prostate cancer. Palliative treatment options include endocrine therapy and radiation therapy for patients with bone metastases. Chemotherapy is also an available treatment option for patients with hormone-resistant prostate cancer. Watchful waiting and active surveillance are also options in the treatment plan. Watchful waiting is an option where certain treatments do not improve the condition of the prostate cancer patient, so no treatment is given, but only regular review of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), rectal examinations (DRE) and imaging examinations. Unlike watchful waiting, palliative care can slow the progression of disease and relieve symptoms in patients with limited or existing metastases, but does not achieve a cure. Palliative treatment includes transurethral resection of the prostate (palliative TURP) when prostate cancer causes urinary tract obstruction, endocrine therapy to reduce tumor size and slow the growth of prostate cancer cells, and radiation therapy for patients with bone metastases from prostate cancer with symptoms such as bone pain. Active surveillance differs from watchful waiting in that it is more appropriate for older patients with short life expectancy and low-grade prostate cancer. It is more appropriate to review prostate specific antigen (PSA) and rectal examinations (DRE) more frequently and to give appropriate treatment when abnormalities are detected. Active surveillance guidelines are still being developed, so it is important to talk to your primary care physician and develop a mutually agreeable surveillance plan before proceeding with active surveillance. Surgical resection is currently the most common treatment for prostate cancer and is usually performed by radical prostatectomy, where the entire prostate is completely removed. The procedures include radical retropubic prostatectomy, laparoscopic and, more recently, robotic-assisted prostatectomy. The choice of surgical approach is based on the patient’s actual condition and the operator’s habits. Particle implantation therapy, like radical prostatectomy, can achieve a cure. The treatment process involves the percutaneous placement of radioactive particles into the prostate, where the particles exert radiation therapy. Depending on the tumor stage and PSA level, conformal radiotherapy and implant therapy can be combined for better results. Conformal radiotherapy is a new type of radiotherapy technique that uses CT and other advanced means to focus the radiation more on the tumor and reduce damage to surrounding organs or tissues. Conformal radiotherapy is therefore more effective than conventional radiotherapy and has fewer complications. Cryotherapy is a minimally invasive treatment that involves the percutaneous placement of a cryo-needle into the prostate gland under ultrasound guidance. Liquid nitrogen is passed through the needle to destroy cancer cells by freezing them. Cryotherapy is currently used as a second-line treatment for prostate cancer that has failed to respond to external radiation therapy and is also used as a first-line treatment. High-intensity focused ultrasound for prostate cancer has been performed in Europe and is a new option for patients with low Gleason scores or local recurrence after brachytherapy. High-intensity focused ultrasound works through a probe placed in the rectum to the prostate, bringing the temperature of the prostate to 80-100°C and killing cancer cells. Endocrine therapy is a form of palliative treatment accomplished by oral, injectable, or depot surgery. It works by removing or blocking the action of testosterone in the body, thereby shrinking the prostate cancer lesions and slowing down the growth of prostate cancer cells. However, endocrine therapy can only relieve symptoms not achieve a cure. A variety of chemotherapy drugs for prostate cancer are in the research stage. The ideal prostate cancer chemotherapy drug is not one that slows tumor growth, but one that kills prostate cancer cells directly. A number of chemotherapy drugs have recently received FDA approval for the treatment of hormone-resistant prostate cancer. New chemotherapy drugs or combination treatments for prostate cancer are being sought clinically for better treatment outcomes and fewer side effects. Radiotherapy is often used as a palliative treatment for patients with bone metastases with bone pain. Some intravenous drugs such as pamiphosphate sodium are also used to treat prostate cancer patients with bone metastases with bone pain; while sulforaphane is mainly used to treat prostate cancer patients with extensive metastases to bone throughout the body. Chemotherapy not only kills cancer cells directly, but also interferes with the growth of cancer cells. It works mainly by affecting rapidly replicating stage cancer cells. Some fast-growing cells in normal parts of the body (such as hair, blood, nails, oral mucosa, intestines, etc.) are also damaged during chemotherapy. Therefore, common complications of chemotherapy include hair loss, leukopenia, nail deformation, discomfort in the mouth and throat, nausea and vomiting. Chemotherapy drugs can be divided into intravenous chemotherapy and oral chemotherapy. Chemotherapy drugs can reach the prostate area through the blood and even reach other areas, which is one of the important reasons for the side effects of chemotherapy. Studies have shown that chemotherapy before endocrine therapy or the combination of endocrine therapy and chemotherapy does not significantly improve the survival rate of patients, but it helps to reduce the painful symptoms caused by prostate cancer.