①Pulmonary alveoli, spontaneous pneumothorax: Spontaneous pneumothorax is mostly caused by rupture of pulmonary alveoli. It is one of the most common diseases for which thoracoscopic surgery is performed. It is generally recognized that thoracoscopic surgery should be considered in the following cases: a Repeated episodes of unilateral spontaneous pneumothorax. b Persistent air leakage (more than 7 days) after closed chest drainage (the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines recommend more than 3 days and the British Thoracic Society (BTS) recommends more than 4 days for surgical intervention. c Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax, whether simultaneous or not. d Huge pulmonary alveoli that compress lung tissue and affect the patient’s respiratory function. ② Lung disease, isolated lesions within the lungs Thoracoscopic surgery has become the safest and most reliable diagnostic method for diffuse substantial lung disease. Treatment of peripheral lung lesions smaller than 5cm: e.g. early lung cancer, adenomas, misshapen tumors, inflammatory pseudotumors, tuberculosis tumors, lung micronodules, etc. Thoracoscopy can be preceded by resection of the lung tumor and sent for rapid frozen pathology examination. If the tumor is malignant, that is, intraoperative thoracoscopic standard radical surgery, which is internationally recognized as having the same effect as ordinary open-heart surgery. ③ Mediastinal tumors: non-invasive growth of mediastinal space-occupying lesions, such as thymoma, teratoma, pericardial cyst, neuronal tumors, bronchogenic cysts, lipomas, etc., the thoracoscopic surgery can cut the tumor tissues more easily. Especially in patients with suspected mediastinal lymphoma, a detailed cytologic diagnosis can be obtained, which is crucial to guide treatment. ④ Pericardial disease: Thoracoscopy is a reliable method of obtaining effusion specimens in patients who have failed multiple punctures in the past. Biopsy and open pericardial drainage are offered. ⑤ Thoracic trauma: progressive hemothorax, tracheobronchial rupture and esophageal laceration can be treated with clear diagnosis and hemostasis. ⑥ Tumor staging: it can replace mediastinoscopy to better and comprehensively reflect the range of mediastinal lymphatic metastasis. For example, subluxation lymph nodes, main pulmonary artery window lymph nodes and para-aortic lymph nodes, which are often difficult to be found by mediastinoscopy. Thoracoscopic surgery is an excellent way to biopsy mediastinal lymph nodes. In addition, the spread of lung or esophageal cancer to neighboring mediastinal organs or chest wall can be observed through thoracoscopy. It can determine the possibility of tumor resection and avoid unnecessary open chest exploration. (7) Pleural diseases: A pleural effusion: for unexplained pleural effusion, some or all pleural lesions can be excised and sent for pathologic examination. Lung cancer combined with malignant pleural effusion using thoracoscopic biopsy and intraoperative talc spray pleural fixation to permanently eliminate the effusion has become the international standardized treatment. B pleural space-occupying lesions: thoracoscopic surgery in the direct observation of the lesion at the same time cut enough tissue specimens, can obtain accurate pathological diagnosis. ⑧ esophageal diseases: esophageal smooth muscle tumor, cardia dystrophy, earlier esophageal cancer, can be operated by thoracoscopy. ⑨ Other diseases of the chest: thoracic sympathectomy (hand sweating), such as thoracic duct ligation, diaphragmatic hernia repair, incision and drainage of paravertebral abscesses, etc., thoracoscopy can provide the necessary exposure to complete the basic surgical operations. ⑩ Funnel chest: using NUSS surgery without opening the chest. At present, our hospital has carried out total thoracoscopic lung cancer resection + lymph node dissection; lung nodule lung wedge resection; spontaneous pneumothorax pulmonary herpetic resection; mediastinal tumor resection; bilateral pneumothorax repair. At present, our hospital has a complete set of thoracoscopic surgical instruments and adequate staffing, and has gradually become a routine surgical program.