Renalcalculus (kidney stone) is an abnormal accumulation of some crystalline material and organic matrix in the kidney. Stones are caused by imbalance of colloid and crystal metabolism in the body, and are associated with infection, nutritional and metabolic disorders, urinary foreign bodies, urinary depression, and geographic and climatic factors. They are more common in middle-aged people aged 20 to 40 years old, with more men than women, about 3:1, and people over 30 years old are more likely to suffer from this disease than young people. In the past 30 years, the incidence of upper urinary tract kidney stones in China has increased significantly.
According to the composition of stones, kidney stones can be divided into six categories: calcium oxalate stones, calcium phosphate stones, uric acid (urate) stones, magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, cystine stones and purine stones. Most stones can be a mixture of two or more components.
What are the causes of kidney stones?
The main cause of kidney stone formation is diet. It is caused by excessive intake of the relevant components of the diet that can form stones. The formation of kidney stones is not quite the same as the formation of gallstones. A more detailed explanation is that
1, too much oxalic acid accumulation: the large accumulation of oxalic acid in the body is one of the factors that lead to kidney and urine stones. Such as spinach, beans, grapes, cocoa, tea, oranges, tomatoes, potatoes, plums, bamboo shoots and other things that people generally love to eat, is precisely the food containing high oxalic acid.
2, purine metabolism malfunction: animal offal, seafood, peanuts, beans, spinach, etc., all contain more purine components.
3.Too much fat intake: meat of various animals, especially fatty pork, are fatty foods.
4, increased sugar intake: sugar is an important nutrient for the human body, to be added often in moderation, but too much at once, especially lactose, will also enable the formation of stones to create the conditions.
5, excessive protein: laboratory analysis of the composition of kidney stones, found that the stones in calcium oxalate accounted for 87, 5%. The source of such a large proportion of calcium oxalate is because protein contains glycine and hydroxyproline, the raw materials of oxalic acid, in addition to protein can also promote the absorption of calcium by the intestinal function.
What are the symptoms of kidney stone?
1. The clinical manifestations vary greatly, depending on the etiology, composition, size, number, location, mobility, the presence of obstructive infection and the degree of pathological damage to the kidney parenchyma. In mild cases, there may be no symptoms at all, but in severe cases, anuria, renal failure, toxic shock and death may occur.
When the stone is embedded in the junction of the renal pelvis and ureter or descends in the ureter, renal colic may occur, which is a sudden onset of paroxysmal knife-like pain, the pain is severe and unbearable, the patient tosses and turns, the pain radiates downward from the waist or lateral abdomen to the bladder area, vulva and inner thighs, sometimes with profuse sweating, nausea and vomiting.
3. Due to the heavy damage to the mucosa caused by the stone, there is often hematuria. Pain and hematuria are often induced when the patient is more active. When the stone is complicated by infection, pus cells appear in the urine and there are symptoms of frequent and painful urination.
4. When secondary to acute pyelonephritis or pus accumulation in the kidney, there may be systemic symptoms such as fever, chills and shivering. When bilateral upper urinary tract stones or kidney stones are completely obstructed, it can lead to anuria.
Treatment options.
1.Symptomatic treatment: antispasmodic, analgesic, rehydration, anti-inflammatory, herbal treatment.
2.Lithotripsy treatment: stone diameter <1,0 cm, good kidney function, no co-infection, short duration of disease, and patients who can move are selected.
3, lithotripsy treatment: taking drugs, drinking a lot of water, adjusting the ph value of urine, controlling the type of diet and other methods. Suitable for urate and cystine stones.
4.Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
5.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for stone extraction and lithotripsy.
6.Transurethral ureteroscopic soft lithotripsy.
7.Surgical treatment: pelvicotomy, parenchymalotomy, partial nephrectomy, nephrectomy, nephrostomy and extracorporeal nephrectomy are used according to different conditions.