Regarding PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy, it refers to a marker antibody of membranous nephropathy called antiphospholipase A2 receptor antibody. As long as this antibody is positive in the blood, it can basically conclude that various types of nephritis or nephrotic syndrome are primary membranous nephropathy and have no relationship with related secondary factors, such as diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, etc. Of course membranous nephropathy can also appear negative for antiphospholipase A2 receptor antibodies in some patients, in which case the possibility of primary membranous nephropathy is not excluded. In addition to anti-PLA2R antibodies, there is currently a test called anti-ThSD7A domain. A positive test for either of these two items can help diagnose idiopathic membranous nephropathy, which can basically replace the kidney puncture pathology biopsy technique.