Kidney stones are common diseases of the urinary tract, and their occurrence is closely related to gender, age, water quality, climate and geographical location. Kidney stones are mostly found in middle-aged men, and people who work in high temperature or coastal cities are among the high incidence groups. The high incidence of kidney stones is a serious risk to human health. Kidney stones often cause back pain, hematuria, fever, hydronephrosis, acute and chronic kidney failure and other hazards. Nearly half of the patients with kidney stones will have back pain due to fluid accumulation in the renal pelvis caused by stones, often manifesting as distension or dull pain, and renal colic caused by stones dislodged into the ureter, manifesting as knife-like pain in the lower back, often radiating to the lower abdomen, groin, testicles and head of the penis. Patients often have painful expressions, fidgeting, difficulty urinating, sweating, nausea and vomiting. Hematuria is a common cause of stone damage. Stones irritate and damage the mucous membrane of the ureteral pelvis, causing blood leakage and, in severe cases, hematuria in the naked eye. Fever is caused by urinary tract obstruction and infection caused by stones. Stones with obstruction can cause secondary or aggravated infection, resulting in high fever and chills. Severe infection can lead to sepsis and even infectious toxic shock. Kidney stones obstruct the renal calyces, causing fluid accumulation in the calyces, and if they obstruct the ureteropelvic junction out causing hydronephrosis, hydronephrosis is serious together with cortical atrophy of the kidney. Long-term chronic hydronephrosis causes weakened kidney function or even loss, causing chronic renal failure, if bilateral kidney stones suddenly obstruct the ureter causing acute renal failure resulting in anuria, the obstruction needs to be lifted in time to relieve further damage to kidney function.