The weather has turned cold, cold winter weather has appeared, respiratory medicine patients have increased significantly, we should be reminded that the following common respiratory diseases should be prevented in winter, prevention-oriented, reduce the occurrence of diseases, some of which can be turned into safety, the following talk about several diseases to prevent. 1, the common cold and flu The common cold has a runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough and other manifestations. If there are no complications, it is usually cured after 5-7 days. Flu symptoms are heavier than the common cold, with sudden onset, fear of cold, high fever (above 39 OC), generalized pain, headache, weakness, muscle pain, dry throat, loss of appetite and other symptoms of systemic toxicity, and lighter respiratory symptoms. Children may have gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Fever usually lasts 3-4 days, but fatigue and weakness can last 2-3 weeks. The disease is self-limiting and can heal on its own, but the prognosis is poor as pneumonia can be complicated in the elderly, infants and children and those with poor immune function. In addition, influenza can also cause complications such as myocarditis and encephalitis. Influenza is contagious. To prevent and treat influenza, influenza vaccine is now available. However, influenza vaccination is given every year based on the strain of the currently prevalent virus, and then once the virus changes, the immunity is lost. Therefore, influenza vaccination can prevent influenza because when influenza vaccination is given, the relevant disease prevention and control units also make predictions about influenza and introduce the corresponding strains of influenza viruses that may be prevalent. However, once the mutation occurs, it will not work. 2. Acute and chronic bronchitis Acute bronchitis is mostly caused by viruses, and a small percentage is secondary to bacterial infections. Acute bronchitis manifests as cough, sputum, sometimes chest pain, or with low-grade fever. It is generally considered to be a self-limiting disease, with symptoms resolving in 3-5 days; however, the cough can persist for several weeks. Cold is an important trigger for both acute and chronic bronchitis attacks. The main treatment for acute bronchitis is to relieve symptoms, keep warm, drink plenty of water, and use cough suppressants, such as compound licorice tablets for dry cough. Expectorants, such as Ambroxol, orange red phlegm cough granules, orange red pills are effective. If there is shortness of breath, you can use pacifiers. If there is evidence of bacterial infection such as fever, yellow sputum, and increased peripheral blood leukocytes, antibiotics or Chinese herbal medicines with clearing heat and detoxifying properties can be used. However, it must be emphasized that the vast majority of patients with acute bronchitis do not need to use antibiotics, especially intravenous antibiotics for acute bronchitis. It is important to note that there are a number of Chinese medicines that are effective in dispersing wind and cold, clearing heat and detoxifying toxins. The chronic bronchitis has a long course, mostly in the cold season, and it develops for more than 3 months every year, for 2 consecutive years. Once chronic bronchitis occurs, it is often prolonged. It is characterized by coughing, sputum production and shortness of breath. To avoid chronic bronchitis, you need to quit smoking and improve your work and living environment. For patients with chronic bronchitis, it is important to avoid aggravation in the acute phase and to go to the hospital for regular treatment in the acute phase to keep the condition under control and not to develop down the road. 3, bronchial asthma In autumn and winter, the change in climate increases the chance of respiratory infections, which can easily trigger or aggravate asthma. Asthma patients must understand their condition and carry out appropriate preventive control to avoid acute asthma attacks. In terms of prevention, patients can start to control their asthma condition in two ways. First, asthma patients should know what substances they are allergic to and stay away from allergens. It is better to take some asthma control drugs or anti-allergy drugs in advance. Secondly, patients should keep warm during the change of seasons and pay attention to the ventilation of the indoor environment. It is important to pay attention to the problem of mold in the indoor environment in autumn and winter, because this condition can easily induce asthma. It is also a good choice for asthma patients to strengthen their physical strength through exercise to prevent illness and health. However, patients need to choose the right exercise program according to their condition. Generally speaking, patients with better control of their condition can choose any exercise program to strengthen their body. Patients with more serious conditions should not choose the intensity of the exercise, such patients are best to choose indoor activities. According to the report, the proportion of asthma patients with sports asthma caused by strenuous exercise is not small, therefore, when doing sports, it is better for patients to carry bronchodilators with them. There are also more prescriptions for asthma, so it is best to go to a regular hospital and take medication under the guidance of a doctor, rather than blindly listening to prescriptions. In addition, patients should not stop taking the medication at will when the condition is not stable, but must insist on using it. Although asthma cannot be cured at present, most patients can have their symptoms satisfactorily controlled by cooperating with doctors and receiving standardized treatment to the extent that it does not affect life, study, work, exercise, or even life expectancy. How to prevent and reduce the onset of respiratory diseases? First, we should start by keeping warm and adding clothes at any time as the temperature changes. Especially when out and about, try to avoid getting cold and flu, the elderly and children had better wear a hat. Second, pay attention to keep the air in the office and home clean. If you open the window at noon when the outside temperature is high; in addition, you should also keep the indoor air at a certain humidity, because dry air will affect the discharge of respiratory secretions, the easiest way is to put a pot of water next to the heater, through the evaporation of water to increase the humidity of indoor air. Minimize the number of people in public places with poor ventilation; if someone in the office has a cold, it is advocated to go home to rest so as not to infect more people. Third, moderate physical exercise to improve the body’s ability to withstand cold. The amount of exercise for the elderly should not be too much, generally the elderly should take a break after walking 1,000 meters to 2,000 meters. If you wash your face with cold water in winter, it is the easiest way to help patients improve their cold tolerance. Fourth, drink more water and eat more fruits and vegetables to improve overall fitness. Fifth, get a flu shot. During the high influenza season, susceptible people (people over 60 years old, chronic disease patients and the frail and sick, front-line workers in health care institutions, elementary school students and kindergarten children) should go to the health and epidemic prevention department for influenza vaccination in a timely manner. Immunity to the strain of the virus can be developed after the injection. The current vaccine is manufactured under strict quality control and there is no need to worry about side effects. A very small number of people may experience mild symptoms such as fever, but there are no adverse reactions or after-effects after symptomatic treatment. Sixth, in case of a cold or an aggravation of the disease, medical attention should be sought promptly to control the disease as early as possible.