Lumbar disc herniation is a clinical syndrome in which the nucleus pulposus protrudes and compresses or/and irritates the cauda equina or nerve roots, causing back and leg pain and neurological dysfunction on the basis of disc degeneration, due to relaxation and rupture of the intervertebral disc. A herniated disc with only imaging but no corresponding clinical symptoms cannot be called lumbar disc herniation. Lumbar disc herniation is a common and frequent disease. According to statistics, there are about 200 million people suffering from this disease in China, which means that 15-16 out of every 100 people suffer from lumbar disc herniation. The age of onset is 20-40 years old, accounting for 80% of all patients. It is more common in men and often has a history of lumbar sprain. The most common site is the lower lumbar spine, with lumbar 5/sacral 1 and lumbar 4/lumbar 5 segmental disc herniation being the most common. Prevalent population: 1, lumbar long-term excessive weight-bearing, such as weight-lifters, porters, overweight people, etc. 2, long-term sitting and incorrect sitting posture workers, such as office workers, scientific researchers, drivers, etc. 3.Multiple trauma to the back. 4, smokers, the more total smoking, the greater the chance of incidence. 5, diabetic patients. The pathogenesis of lumbar disc herniation has the following two: 1. Physiological degeneration of the lumbar intervertebral disc: the toughness and resistance to compression of the normal intervertebral disc gradually decreases with age. This degeneration of the intervertebral disc begins when people are about 20 years old. Pregnancy, incorrect lumbar posture, long-term smoking, excessive lumbar weight bearing, long-term vibration and other factors will accelerate the degeneration of the intervertebral discs. 2, lumbar trauma: trauma is the main factor causing the rupture of the fibrous ring. After the rupture of the fibrous ring, the nucleus pulposus will protrude into the spinal canal and its chemical composition will stimulate the spinal cord and nerve roots, producing the corresponding symptoms. So, what are the symptoms of lumbar disc herniation? The main symptom of lumbar disc herniation is back and leg pain. However, clinically, patients with lumbar disc herniation have a variety of symptoms, and not all of them have low back and leg pain. We summarize the pattern of changes in the course of lumbar disc herniation so that patients can clearly understand whether they are suffering from lumbar disc herniation, to what extent, and how to cooperate with doctors to carry out treatment. The vast majority of patients with lumbar disc herniation initially present with low back pain, which can be accompanied by back stiffness. This is because the lumbar disc degeneration leads to partial rupture of the end plate, and inflammatory factors stimulate the nerve endings of the periosteum; in addition, the disc degeneration leads to loss of intervertebral space height and unsatisfactory occlusion of the lumbar joint synapses, resulting in reduced stability of the lumbar spine and long-term tension in the muscles of the low back, thus producing myogenic low back pain. Most patients have dull back pain, and in severe cases, severe pain – medically known as discogenic back pain. Minimally invasive treatments such as ozone, low-temperature plasma radiofrequency ablation, and laser can be used, but the recurrence rate is high. The ideal modality is artificial lumbar disc replacement therapy. If the lumbar disc degenerates further and protrudes posteriorly (the posterior part of the fibrous ring is the weakest), it produces compression on the nerve roots, or even the fibrous ring ruptures, and the nucleus pulposus directly stimulates the nerve roots, and under the action of inflammatory factors, the patient feels pain in the lower limbs in addition to low back pain, and this is followed by both low back pain and leg pain. Some patients feel that their back pain is reduced subjectively because their leg pain is better than their back pain. At this point, it is necessary to actively treat the lumbar disc herniation. Mild to moderate lumbar disc herniation requires active and effective traction treatment, while severe cases such as lumbar disc prolapse and lateral type lumbar disc herniation require surgery. With further development, the nerve roots will become ischemic degeneration or even necrosis due to prolonged pressure on the nerve roots. At this time, the patient has numbness in the lower extremities and feet in addition to low back and leg pain. During this period, active treatment is needed to release the compression, but if the patient has numbness in the limb for too long it may not be possible to recover the numbness in the residual part of the limb after removing the compression. Eventually, in addition to pain and numbness, the muscles innervated by the compressed nerve root will atrophy. At this point, the nerve roots are stimulated by inflammatory factors for a long period of time and become adherent to other connective tissues in the spinal canal, causing problems in the surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation, and it is difficult to avoid harassment of the nerve roots during surgery. Therefore, it is important not to delay the development of lumbar disc herniation, but to cooperate with the doctor to actively treat the disease at different stages of the disease using the appropriate means to prevent further development of the disease and restore a healthy life. Lumbar disc herniation leads to reduced stability of the lumbar spine and narrowing of the spinal space, resulting in poor occlusion of the joints connecting the two adjacent lumbar vertebrae, lumbar instability, accelerated joint degeneration, and periarticular hyperplasia. In cases where degeneration progresses faster than proliferation, the lumbar spine gradually evolves into lumbar spondylolisthesis or even lumbar degenerative scoliosis deformity; in cases where proliferation progresses faster than degeneration, the proliferating bony bulge and thickened ligamentum flavum squeeze the cauda equina nerve leading to lumbar spinal stenosis. Whether it is lumbar spondylolisthesis or lumbar spinal stenosis, those with significant lumbar pain or combined spinal cord or nerve compression require surgical treatment. There is no conservative treatment with definite efficacy. There are many methods of surgical treatment for lumbar disc herniation, and different surgical methods are applicable to patients with different stages of lumbar disc herniation. A fixed surgical method cannot be used uniformly, and the surgical plan must be selected individually for patients with different degrees of severity. In patients without significant spinal stenosis and lumbar instability, the herniated disc can be removed by percutaneous foraminoscopy, which is minimally invasive, less painful and quicker, with the disadvantage of a higher recurrence rate; another method is to remove the disc with a small incision under an expandable channel and suture the annulus fibrosus, which is close to minimally invasive surgery, with quicker results and a lower recurrence rate, with the disadvantage of requiring general anesthesia; another surgical method is anterior transcatheter This technique is close to minimally invasive, with rapid results and low recurrence, and has the disadvantage of requiring general anesthesia; another surgical procedure is the anterior transsphenoidal disc removal fusion or artificial lumbar disc replacement. In patients with significant spinal stenosis or lumbar spine slippage, the surgery requires spinal decompression and slipped vertebral body repositioning in addition to removal of the herniated disc. The surgical modalities include conventional posterior open surgery nail rod internal fixation and internal fixation under small incisions with expandable access. The above surgical modalities have been widely carried out in Hubei Province Xinhua Hospital by Director Li Zhigang and have achieved excellent treatment results. While it is important to treat the disease, it is more important to prevent it. Strategies for prevention in general are: 1, avoid sleeping on beds with too soft or too hard textures; 2, reduce unnecessary weight bearing on the waist, lose weight, pay attention to the correct sitting posture, do not sit for a long time; 3, correct and effective functional exercises: such as pull-ups, push-ups, swimming, etc.. Long-term adherence to swimming has been proven to be effective in preventing the occurrence of lumbar disc herniation. 4, the correct use of lumbar strength; 5, quit smoking, avoid second-hand smoke; 6, control blood sugar.