How can immunotherapy become a “precision therapy”? In the past year, immunotherapy has made a big splash in the field of lung cancer treatment. However, it is important to realize that the main question before us is how to achieve a high sustained efficacy plateau for immunotherapy. A comparison of driver-based therapy with immunotherapy shows that there is still a gap between “sentinel” inhibitor therapy and driver-based therapy in terms of efficiency, progression-free survival (PFS) and OS. The reason may be related to the fact that immunotherapy is not a “precision therapy”, i.e., immune evasion is not only PD-1 and PD-L1, and immune activation is not only suppression of immune evasion. However, as seen in the POPLAR study, the efficacy of atezolizumab varied across PD-L1 expression subgroups, and immunotherapy may become “precision therapy” if the “right target” is selected. How to better treat exon 21 L858R mutation? A study published this year in The Lancet? A subgroup analysis of LUX-Lung 3 and Lux-Lung 6 data, in which we participated, published this year in Lancet Oncol, showed that first-line afatinib OS appeared to be inferior to first-line chemotherapy for those with exon 21 L858R mutations, although not statistically significant. A study we published last year in Lung Cancer also suggested that for those with EGFR mutations, there is some impact on subsequent chemotherapy sensitivity after front-line EGFR TKI treatment. Therefore, better treatment modalities need to be further explored for exon 21 EGFR mutant lung cancer. Treatment of brain metastases Once brain metastases appear in lung cancer, it means poor prognosis, so how to better deal with brain metastases is also a major issue. At this year’s ASCO annual meeting, the non-inferiority UK QUARTZ randomized study analyzed this issue. The results showed that whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) did not provide significant benefit to people with brain metastases. The CTONG 1201 BRAIN trial for Chinese patients, which ended enrollment in June, compared the efficacy of erlotinib (Kemena) with WBRT± chemotherapy in NSCLC with brain metastases, and results are expected to be reported next year and should be looked forward to. Drugs specifically targeting brain metastases are also beginning to emerge, and brain metastases will be one of the recent research hotspots.