Freckles Freckles are common pigmented skin disorders. It is autosomal dominant and is more common in women. The lesions are small brown spots on exposed areas of the skin such as the face, nose, neck, shoulders, upper back and back of the hands. The medical guide for spot removal can be viewed by clicking on Dermatoplasty. I. Etiology Genetic predisposition, autosomal dominant inheritance. Sun exposure is a necessary factor for the development of the rash. Clinical manifestations Most of the lesions appear around 3 to 5 years old, more in females. The number gradually increases with age. The rash occurs on the face, especially the nose and cheeks, and can involve the neck, shoulders, back of the hands and other exposed areas, but no rash on non-exposed areas. The lesions are light brown or dark brown pinhead-sized to green bean-sized rashes, round, oval or irregular. They are scattered or clustered and do not fuse in isolation. No conscious symptoms. The rash deepens in color and increases in number after sun exposure in summer, but decreases or disappears in winter. There is often a family history. Diagnosis This disease should be distinguished from freckle-like nevus (also known as nigra). Freckle-like nevus is darker, brown or dark brown dots, slightly above the skin surface, and scattered in any part of the skin. After exposure to sunlight, the pigment does not increase. In addition to the increase of melanin in epidermal cells, the number of melanocytes increases, but they are scattered and do not form clusters. Fourth, treatment 1, depigmentation treatment 3% to 5% hydroquinone cream, 0.1% vitamin A acid ointment, 3% to 5% arbutin cream, 20% azelaic acid cream, 1% tretinoin cream, etc., adhere to the external use for several months can have some effect. 2.Corrosive and destructive treatment In the past, liquid nitrogen freezing, trichloroacetic acid or phenol spot coating, mechanical grinding, high-frequency electricity, ordinary CO2 laser and other treatments can make freckles peel off, but the above treatments are not selective to the lesions and often cause some sequelae, which need to be operated carefully, and the treatment is too deep to cause depressed scar or hyperplastic scar, and may lead to pigmentation or hypopigmentation. It is difficult for patients to accept. 3.Laser selective treatment Modern Q-switched laser has a high degree of selectivity in the treatment of freckles, and it is the best method to treat freckles at present. V. Prevention Avoid or reduce sun exposure as much as possible, or apply sunscreen or other light-avoiding agents to reduce the occurrence of freckles or the deepening of freckle color.