The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland located in the anterior cervical region and is divided into two lobes: the right and left. When thyroidectomy is performed, the incision is chosen two fingers above the sternal stalk notch. The incision is made along the transverse cervical line, and the subcutaneous tissue and the broad cervical muscle are incised in turn. The skin and the incision margin of the broad cervical muscle are lifted and incised with tissue forceps, and then separated up and down. Finally, the anterior cervical fascia is incised along the mid-neck white line, and the anterior thyroid muscle is bluntly separated and the sternocleidomastoid muscles on both sides are pulled apart to expose the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland has two layers of perithelium, the inner layer is the intrinsic perithelium and the outer layer is the surgical perithelium of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland has three arteries and three veins as well as two major connecting nerves, which should be exposed as much as possible during surgery. Of these, the recurrent laryngeal nerve is the most important. The recurrent laryngeal nerve must be clearly exposed and the lesion must be found to ensure successful surgery, otherwise it is highly susceptible to injury.