Hepatitis B virus carriers are unlikely to recover on their own and require regular review and, if necessary, aggressive treatment. 1. HBV can rarely be completely eradicated after recovery from acute HBV infection, and latent infection can maintain T-cell response for decades after clinical recovery, thus keeping the virus under control. If acute hepatitis B is not controlled, it may develop into chronic hepatitis B. Therefore, acute hepatitis B rarely resolves spontaneously. 2. Chronic HBV infection usually consists of 4 phases: immune tolerance, immune activity (HbeAg-positive infection), inactive chronic HBV infection, and immune activity (HbeAg-negative infection). For patients with perinatally acquired HBV infection, the transition from immune tolerance to immune activity or immunoclearance occurs 10-30 years after infection. During this phase, the rate of spontaneous HBeAg clearance increases to 10-20% per year. Therefore some patients with chronic HBV infection may become HBsAg negative. The delayed HBsAg clearance rate is estimated to be 0.5%-2% per year for patients in Western countries and much lower (0.1%-0.8%) for patients in Asian countries. If the diagnosis of hepatitis B is confirmed, standardized antiviral treatment should be initiated as early as possible to slow down the progression of the disease, and do not blindly wait for self-cure to avoid delays.