Cowpox, along with smallpox, monkeypox, and chickenpox, belongs to the Orthopoxviridae family of double-stranded DNA viruses, and can be transmitted by contact. Cowpox is a disease caused by the cowpox virus, which is usually transmitted between cattle, but can also infect humans under certain circumstances. Humans are usually infected when they come into contact with cows infected with cowpox virus, such as milking and slaughtering cows, and are therefore more prevalent among people who work as milkers and in slaughterhouses. After infection with cowpox virus, symptoms such as rash, headache, limb pain, irritability, vomiting, sore throat, chills, etc., and in severe cases, convulsions may occur. However, unlike smallpox, its lethality and teratogenicity are low, as long as the symptomatic treatment and prevention of infection can generally be self-cured. Due to the innovation of modern milk technology and slaughtering technology, the incidence of cowpox has been effectively controlled at this stage, and it is rare to meet cowpox spreading in the crowd in daily life.