Kidney cysts are formed by the gradual enlargement of renal tubular diverticula, which are benign lesions of the kidney, the cysts can be unilateral or bilateral, can be one or more, vary in size, and there is no significant difference between men and women. Smaller cysts usually do not have any uncomfortable symptoms and have little impact on health, and most of them are found by ultrasound examination during physical examination. At present, it is considered that kidney cysts with a diameter of less than 5 cm do not need special treatment as long as they do not compress the surrounding tissues and cause vascular occlusion and urinary system obstruction, and only need to review the ultrasound once every six months to a year to understand the changes in the size of the cyst. If the diameter of the cyst is larger, more than 5 cm in diameter, or if it produces symptoms of compression of the surrounding tissues and causes urinary obstruction, it is necessary to perform cystic fluid aspiration and intracapsular injection of sclerosing agent. If necessary, surgical treatment is needed. Currently, the commonly used surgical method is laparoscopic renal cyst decompression surgery, which is less invasive and faster recovery. In summary, renal cysts are formed gradually after renal tubular obstruction and are benign lesions. Cysts less than 5 cm in diameter do not need special treatment, but when the diameter exceeds 5 cm and causes pressure on the surrounding tissues and organs and discomfort symptoms such as back pain, surgical treatment can be considered.