Many people do not know much about renal puncture surgery, which is a method that can clarify the etiology and pathology of kidney disease and play a certain guiding significance for treatment. I. The concept of renal puncture surgery Because of the wide variety of kidney diseases, complex etiology and pathogenesis, the clinical manifestations of many kidney diseases are not completely consistent with the histological changes of the kidney. In order to clarify the etiology and pathology of the disease and further confirm the diagnosis of the specific disease the patient is suffering from, it is necessary to perform renal puncture surgery. In recent years, with the development of science and technology, the update of imaging equipment and the improvement of operational skills, percutaneous renal biopsy technique has been carried out more widely, which can directly observe the morphological changes of the kidney in renal disease and allow for a series of observations. The quality of its diagnosis has also been greatly improved due to the improvement of puncture techniques, immunohistochemistry techniques and the application of electron microscopy. It has become an important tool for diagnosis, guiding treatment and prognosis determination of renal diseases. It has also contributed to the etiology and development trend of a variety of glomerular diseases. Second, the indications of renal puncture surgery In the following cases, renal puncture biopsy can be chosen: 1, nephrotic syndrome: when the etiology of nephrotic syndrome is unknown, consider whether it is secondary to systemic diseases; 2, glomerulonephritis with rapid renal decompensation, renal biopsy is needed to determine the pathological type of its renal damage; 3, acute progressive nephritis syndrome, renal biopsy can reveal the morphology of inflammation and immune deposits and their extent. This is important for the early diagnosis and treatment of acute progressive nephritis. Primary acute nephritis with atypical clinical manifestations or acute nephritis that does not heal after several months or decreased renal function. 4, primary nephrotic syndrome seen in adults is best to do a kidney biopsy to determine its tissue type before using hormones to avoid side effects caused by the blind use of hormones, especially those who are ineffective in treatment should have a kidney biopsy. 5, patients with hematuria can be considered for renal biopsy after various examinations to exclude non-glomerular hematuria, and those who fail to establish the diagnosis can be considered for renal biopsy, and those with persistent hematuria without clinical manifestations and hematuria with proteinuria and 24-hour urine protein quantification greater than 1 gram should have renal biopsy. 6.For those who have proteinuria for a long time without any symptoms, kidney biopsy can clarify the pathological type to facilitate the use of drugs and prognosis. 7, Lupus nephritis, renal hypertension, acute renal failure and chronic renal failure of unknown origin can be diagnosed by kidney biopsy.