Indications 1. Primary nephropathy (1) Acute nephritis syndrome: When the condition does not improve or the renal function deteriorates sharply according to the treatment of acute nephritis for 2-3 months and acute progressive nephritis is suspected. (2) Primary nephrotic syndrome; (3) Asymptomatic hematuria: when the hematuria is aberrant red blood cells (4) Asymptomatic proteinuria: ≥1g/d. 2.Secondary or hereditary renal disease. 3.Acute renal failure: When it cannot be determined for clinical and laboratory tests. 4.Transplanted kidney: when the cause of significant renal function decompensation is unknown, when recurrence of the original kidney disease is suspected or when severe rejection reaction determines whether to remove the transplanted kidney. Contraindications 1. Absolute contraindications: obvious bleeding disorders that cannot be corrected. 2. Relative contraindications (1) Mental abnormality or inability to cooperate; (2) Poor general condition and severe failure; (3) Skin infection at the puncture site; (4) Isolated kidney or small kidney on one side or loss of kidney function on one side; (5) Significant reduction in kidney volume, with the long axis length less than 9 cm in adults; (6) Active pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, hydronephrosis or pus accumulation in the renal pelvis, renal abscess or perirenal abscess; (7) Kidney (8) patients with aneurysm or renal tumor; (8) patients with polycystic kidney or large renal cyst; (9) late pregnancy, severe obesity or severe edema; (10) patients with uncontrolled heart failure, severe hypertension; (11) peritoneal dialysis.