Not all patients with urolithiasis are suitable for treatment with extracorporeal lithotripters. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has certain indications and contraindications. In general, lithotripsy can be used to remove stones in the following cases: ESWL is the standard treatment for kidney stones ≤ 2 cm in diameter or ≤ 300 mm2 in surface area. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) or combined ESWL is recommended for renal stones ≥ 2 cm in diameter and deerstalker stones. ESWL is preferred for upper ureteral stones ≤ 1 cm in diameter, ESWL, ureteroscopy (URS) and PNL are available for upper segment stones 1-1.5 cm in diameter, and upper ureteral stones ≥ 1.5 cm are suitable for PNL stone extraction ( For upper ureteral stones ≥1.5 cm, PNL (above L4 plane), laparoscopic extraction and open surgical extraction are suitable; for lower and middle ureteral stones ≤1.5 cm in diameter, ESWL and URS, and for ≥1.5 cm, laparoscopic extraction and open surgical extraction are suitable. Bladder stones can also be treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, but the method is different and is usually treated mostly with transurethral intracavitary lithotripsy technique. Urethral stones are generally not suitable for ESWL and can be treated with intracavitary management similar to bladder stones. The lithotripter should not be used in the following cases: 1) those who cannot remove the obstructive factors in the urinary tract below the stone; 2) those with bleeding disorders; 3) those whose infection at the stone site is not effectively controlled; 4) those with poor heart, liver and kidney function; 5) pregnant women; 6) those who are overly obese and affect the focus positioning; 7) those with hunchback; 8) those with renal arteriosclerosis. The urinary stone will not be drained immediately after the lithotripsy treatment. Because the lithotripter is not a “stone removal machine”, it has no stone removal function, but can only break the stone into small pieces that can be discharged out of the body through the urinary tract. Whether the lithotripsy can be discharged smoothly or not is governed by many factors, such as the amount of urine produced by the kidney, the patency of the ureter and its ability to push the lithotripsy, and the size of the lithotripsy. Therefore, after the lithotripsy treatment, doctors often give patients some drugs to diuretic, dilate the ureter or promote ureteral peristalsis, in order to help the lithotripsy expel and shorten the time of lithotripsy.