Types, causes and countermeasures for prevention and control of school accidents among primary and secondary school students Currently, 135,479,600 primary school students, 58,116,500 middle school students, 371,600 children with disabilities in special schools, and a total of 217,230,300 minor students mentioned above (this does not include a significant number of students receiving high school level education and higher education). According to surveys, an average of more than 40 people die every day in China’s primary and secondary schools due to accidents such as drowning, food poisoning and building collapse, which is equivalent to one class of students disappearing every day! Accidental injuries in schools have become the “number one killer” that threatens the safety of young people without mercy. The following is a brief analysis of the types, causes and countermeasures of accidental school injuries among primary and secondary school students. Heilongjiang Reclamation General Hospital orthopedic surgery Ma Xianping I. Analysis of the types of accidental injuries to primary and secondary school students From the accidents that have occurred, there are 10 key parts of the school prone to danger, including laboratories (such as water, electricity and gas, strong acids and alkalis, toxic substances, etc.), voice rooms, microcomputer rooms, the main control room of the studio, electrochemical multifunctional rooms, library stacks, finance rooms, cafeterias, dormitories, communication rooms and other places. The following types of accidents are likely to occur. 1. Congestion and extrusion, mainly concentrated in the hallways, passages, steps, toilets and school gates. The railings, fences and concrete floors on campus can also become “hidden killers”. On September 23, 2002, a serious campus safety accident occurred in Fengzhen No. 2 Middle School in Inner Mongolia, in which 21 students were killed and 47 injured in the dark because of a collapsed staircase railing and no lights. At 8:00 p.m. on October 25, 2005, 8 students were killed and 45 were injured in a crowded stampede at the end of the evening study period for fourth to sixth grade boarding students at Tongjiang County Primary School in Bazhong City. 2. Sports injuries: accidental injuries during running, jumping and throwing, or injuries caused by poor management of sports equipment. In 2001, a fourth-grade female student at Qiming Primary School in Tonghe Town, Guangzhou, died of a heart attack during physical education class. A boy in an elementary school in Dongshan District knocked a basketball off the wall, and the boy fell over the wall to pick up the ball and unfortunately hurt his arm. 3. students play with each other, play caused by fighting injuries: Xu and Cai is Zhejiang Wenzhou Shuangyu town double plain elementary school classmates. December 17, 1998 in the afternoon of the second class, Xu and Cai do each other small action, the result led to Xu injury. After identification, Xu perforated right eye injury, vision loss of 0.3, is a grade 10 disability. 4. Food poisoning; poisoning accidents involve most provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, with summer being the most frequent season. 81.3% of them occurred in schools, of which 61.5% occurred in school canteens. In 2003, nearly 3,000 students in Haicheng, Liaoning Province, were poisoned en masse due to drinking faulty soy milk; in March 2003 In 2003, nearly 3,000 students in Haicheng, Liaoning Province, were poisoned by drinking faulty soy milk; on March 19, 2003, 208 students in Maoming City Technical School suffered from belly pain, diarrhea and dizziness after eating vegetables, pork, noodles, river noodles, chicken porridge and soybeans from the school cafeteria. In the afternoon of January 21, 2003, a school building collapsed at Jingyu Village Primary School in Dexin Town, Deyang District, Sichuan Province, and a student playing in the classroom was injured by the collapsed roof, killing one student and injuring 18 others. In the afternoon of January 21, 2003, a school building collapsed in Jingyu Village, Dexin Town, Deyang District, Sichuan Province, and a student playing in a classroom was injured by the collapsed roof, killing one student and injuring 18 others. 6. Campus traffic accidents; Xu Yue, a 9-year-old girl from Gongnong Primary School in Daoli District, Harbin, was mercilessly squeezed to death by a large truck driven from the school on the door post of the school; a city organized a group of students to participate in a sports extra test, due to serious overloading of the car, resulting in a car accident, most of the children who fell down the mountain could not survive; at 5:50 a.m. on October 7, 2005, Fengjie County, Chongqing City, without a license passenger and cargo On November 14, 2005, the second middle school students of Qingyuan, Shanxi Province, had a traffic accident in which 21 people died during the morning run outside the school. 7. Accidents caused by social nuisance, etc. On October 24, 2004, 14 gangsters burst into the classroom of three (four) classes of Meng Yang Middle School in Pengzhou City, Sichuan Province, and stabbed and smashed the boys in class with knives and benches. 5 students were seriously injured, one of them was critically injured and 2 teachers were injured. November 26, 2004, Ruzhou City, Henan Province, the wind cave street office Jiao Wa village villagers. The second high school in Ruzhou City, armed with a knife to break into the murder, resulting in multiple deaths and injuries. Police rushed to the scene to investigate found that eight people were killed by hacking, four people were injured 8. earthquake, lightning, floods, mudslides, landslides, typhoons, tsunamis, hailstorms and other irresistible natural factors caused by accidental injury: June 20, 2005 Heilongjiang Shalan water damage caused 106 elementary school students killed 9. student suicide, self-harm; January 5, 2005, an industrial school in Shandong Province for final exam. A girl cheating was found by the invigilator, the teacher wrote down the word “cheating” on her test paper as required. The girl cried and ran out of the classroom, ran back to the dormitory and wrote on a piece of paper “Goodbye, classmates, I have no face”, then climbed to the fourth floor roof and jumped to her death. 10. Personal injury caused by teachers’ corporal punishment or disguised corporal punishment of students: Dong Mou, a physical education teacher at Xiguan Primary School in Heihei County, Liaoning Province, was in physical education class when student Li did not hear the teacher’s orders, and Dong Mou, a physical education teacher, kicked student Li and slapped him, causing contusion of the student’s penis spongiosum. In the afternoon of November 9, 2001, a nature teacher, Gan, yelled at a 9-year-old boy, Liu Shuai, for being “as stupid as a pig.” While saying, “I can’t even teach you.” While using his left hand, he slapped the child’s face five times, then opened the test questions, pointed to a question that Liu Shuai did not fill out and showed him, and slapped him three more times. The result is that Liu Shuai’s eardrum is perforated. 11. Campus sexual assault. “Sexual assault on campus is becoming an increasingly serious social problem. A math teacher surnamed Chen in Beijing used the convenience of being a teacher to often call girls out alone during class time and drag them to a small dark room next to the school kiosk, or leave them alone after school in the name of making up lessons and molest them. The former principal of Baoshan Primary School in Liuyang City is a 28-year veteran teacher, however, the highly respected principal Liu has molested at least 11 female students, the youngest being 10 years old and the oldest being just 13 years old. A 26-year-old male teacher in a rural elementary school in Tonghua City, Jilin Province, Li Feng in the four years from 1998, but in the classroom, preparation room, water room and even their own homes, has been raped and molested dozens of female students in their own classes …… youth is the hope and future of the nation. However, with the changes in the natural and social environment, school accidental injuries caused by various disasters and man-made violence have led to a sharp increase in the number of teenagers injured in recent years, bringing pain and disaster to themselves and their families, and irreparable damage to schools, society and even the country as a whole. Repeated episodes and repeated accidents should cause what kind of reflection? Second, the causes of accidental injuries to primary and secondary school students on campus caused by the causes of accidental injuries to primary and secondary school students is very complex, both objective and subjective aspects, can be broadly summarized as the following aspects. 1, students lack of safety and defense knowledge, safety awareness and safety habits, poor self-protection ability. Children’s safety awareness is not strong, and the reality behind it is that families, schools and society as a whole ignore the safety of young people and the relative neglect of safety education. Human life is the most precious, and in the process of survival, we often inevitably encounter various unanticipated tests, such as natural disasters. Learning how to survive and value life is a serious issue that everyone must face, for which adults may be better off due to their experience and ability, but minors, such as newborn calves, are different. Our parents and schools have long attached importance to the learning of cultural knowledge of children, and a great lack of survival education training for them, so they often encounter some emergencies, at a loss, such as children encountered a fire, naïve to escape inside the elevator, they think the fire inside the elevator how not to burn, not to smoke themselves; some children encounter drowning peers often is a moment of bravery courage, defiantly jump into the water to save people, and for their own physical strength and water without consideration, sometimes did not save people, but also let themselves become the people to save, and even sacrifice their lives, so although honorable, but a little cruel, and not worth promoting. Teachers’ educational concept lags behind, the tendency of adultization of education is serious, often ignoring the needs of individual minors’ lives for positive survival, safety and self-care knowledge, teachers fail to raise the survival and protection education of minors to the level of humanistic quality and humanistic spirit training to understand, which is the main reason for the weakening of their survival and protection education, and the lack of effective educational content, ways and methods. In addition, parents have blind spots in safety education. As parents unilaterally pursue their children’s intellectual development and ignore their children’s survival needs, they spoil their children, causing them to be petulant, dependent on survival, with poor psychological quality, insufficient persistence in the face of difficulties, little initiative to seek help, and mostly passive reliance on adults to solve problems; little bravery in the face of danger, lack of active interaction skills, and poor active survival skills, so that the deep human compassion, bravery, care, tolerance, and other humanistic spirits in the family education environment. The humanistic spirit such as compassion, courage, care, tolerance, etc. is quietly degraded in the family education environment. 2. The safety responsibility system has not been thoroughly implemented, and there are obvious loopholes in management. There is the phenomenon of omission, safety hazards can not be found in time, so that the hidden danger can not be removed in time, can not be held responsible for the responsibility of the person responsible; one level to grasp the level, a grasp of the responsibility system is not sound, there is a disconnect. 3. Safety inspection is formalized, going through the motions, the lack of meticulous, rigorous style of dripping water. 4. There are still loopholes in the safety precautions. Some schools are not fully equipped with security facilities, individual schools do not have some of the basic conditions of education and teaching management, inadequate technical defense, human defense is not strict. 5, the indirect, hidden safety hazards have not attracted sufficient attention. For example, individual schools do not meet the configuration requirements of fire-fighting equipment, teachers and students are not yet able to use it correctly; activity equipment is old and aging, there are safety hazards; canteens, small stores a package, school supervision is not effective; students have little awareness of traffic safety, the phenomenon of riding bicycles in the motorway is relatively serious; not enough attention to safety education, teachers and students lack the necessary general safety knowledge, etc.. 6. The safety of primary and secondary schools is greatly related to the social environment in which they are located. The moral and ethical conditions of the society as a whole, the economic and cultural development of the area where the school is located, especially the social climate, and the quality of social security in the area around the school have a direct impact on the safety and security level of primary and secondary schools. In addition, the increasingly complex international and domestic situation, the significant increase in the foreign and mobile population, the rapid development of Internet technology and some negative effects brought about by the process of economic globalization and other external factors may become factors that trigger school instability, the difficulty and complexity of school safety work is increasingly apparent. Comrade Li Lanqing once said: “Every time I see an accident report, it causes me a burst of heartache. Although many accidents are eventually investigated and held accountable according to the law, but the death of a person can not return to life, the dead sheep to mend the prison, after all, it is too late, people died, what to talk about teaching and educating people? Life is not protected, how to talk about education!” Li Lanqing’s words are right on target and thought-provoking, so how to effectively avoid school accidents and prevent them before they happen? Third, the prevention of school accidents and response measures for primary and secondary school students (a) create a safe external environment The safety of primary and secondary school students is a social system project. The school and family can not take all the responsibility of guardianship, but also need the attention of the whole society, starting from every detail. 1. Establish a “trinity” of joint control and joint prevention of long-term mechanism, the formation of schools, society and family to participate in the youth safety protection system. For example, public security, traffic, industry and commerce, health and epidemic prevention and education departments to maintain public security and fire safety, traffic, market order and food hygiene safety in schools and the surrounding areas, to eliminate all kinds of hidden dangers, always pay attention to the children’s healthy growth environment. Deeply carry out the security order around the school to rectify the work, crack down on theft, extortion, robbery of teachers and students’ property, infringing on the personal safety of teachers and students of all kinds of illegal and criminal activities, should take the initiative to contact with the public security organs, hiring public security police as the school’s legal principal and out-of-school counselor, through legal lectures, combined with actual cases to analyze, enhance students’ awareness of safety precautions, help and guide schools to implement various safety Preventive measures to improve and perfect the security mechanism around the campus. After the occurrence of students being extorted, they should take the initiative to contact the police station and request the strengthening of police patrols in key sections, parts and areas to prevent road robbery, extortion and cases of injury to students. Deceleration signs and warning signs should be set up at cross and ding intersections near schools to reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents. Strengthen ties with the community. Only by establishing and improving the long-term management mechanism of joint control and prevention can we ensure the stability and stability of the campus and optimize the nurturing environment. 2. Establishing social insurance, transferring the responsibility of risk and socializing the compensation for damages is a good solution to the current school accident damages. The practice of western countries has proved this. Shanghai, China has also been implemented. The Standing Committee of the Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress has considered and adopted the “Shanghai Regulations on Handling Student Injuries in Primary and Secondary Schools (Draft)”. The Regulations clearly stipulate that primary and secondary schools bear the responsibility of fault in student injury accidents, and that schools compensate injured students by insuring against liability accidents. The adoption of this local regulation, the first of its kind in the country, marks a new path for Shanghai to explore the establishment of a school liability insurance system in the handling of school accidents, allowing insurance companies to intervene in claims, and realizing the marketization of claims, which has exemplary significance in the country. (B) enhance the sense of responsibility and crisis awareness, strengthen safety education 1. enhance the sense of responsibility and crisis awareness: school leaders should, in the spirit of the Party’s educational cause, responsible for students, from the height of safeguarding the fundamental interests of the people, maintaining social stability, political stability, enhance the sense of mission and responsibility to grasp school safety. Strictly implement the school safety regulations, talk about safety, grasp safety, the accident will be nipped in the bud. School leaders should strengthen safety education for teachers, students and even parents. Master some methods of survival when an emergency comes. To work with the relevant departments, according to the different characteristics of the season, the region, the environment, etc. to choose the key content, targeted safety prevention education, so that teachers and students receive a more systematic education on drowning prevention, traffic accidents, food poisoning, prevention of emergencies and other safety knowledge. 2. Strengthen safety education: school safety education should focus on students, as well as education for teaching staff. Safety management focuses on prevention, pay attention to and strengthen the safety education of primary and secondary school students and staff, enhance safety awareness and self-protection ability, is an important means to effectively reduce the accident rate and ensure student safety. To be based on the age of students, grade characteristics, environmental, seasonal characteristics and the relevant laws of the timely anti-theft, fire prevention, disease prevention, injury prevention and other aspects of education. We should make good use of the examples closely related to students to educate them, learn from them, cultivate their safety awareness and improve their safety quality. (1) Strengthen risk education. According to the characteristics of students’ young age, low level of awareness and poor risk awareness, strengthen risk education for students, especially in the lower grades, so that students have a basic understanding of the general dangers that exist in society and have some ability to identify risks, such as the dangerous consequences of running a red light, the serious consequences of not following the operating procedures in the laboratory, the danger of being cheated and robbed, etc., to avoid accidents due to a lack of awareness of the consequences of dangers (2) Strengthen the prevention and rescue of the accident. (2) strengthen the prevention and rescue education. When educating students about safety and self-help, we should focus on training students’ ability to save themselves and deal with problems in emergencies, to ensure that they are not overwhelmed in the event of an accident and can take reasonable and effective means of rescue. This is not only the need for school safety work, but also the basic requirement for the overall improvement of students’ comprehensive quality (3) strengthen mental health education. Educate students to pay attention to maintaining a healthy psychological state, help students overcome psychological barriers caused by various reasons, and avoid sudden accidents caused by psychological reasons. We should innovate ways and methods of mental health education to improve students’ trust. Let students receive mental health education in a subtle process. (4) Strengthen the safety education for faculty and staff. The professional discipline of faculty and staff should be further clarified and professional ethics education should be effectively strengthened. In accordance with the Regulations on Teachers’ Qualifications, the qualifications of serving teachers should be examined, and those who do not meet the qualifications for teaching should be resolutely dismissed, and those who are unsuitable for educational and teaching work due to physical and other factors should be adjusted to their jobs. To strengthen teachers’ awareness of safety and prevention ability education, improve teachers’ methods and skills to deal with emergencies, and minimize the various losses caused by accidents. To care for students, love and care for students, establish a sense of security, and strive to improve the learning and living environment of students to protect the safety of students’ personal and property. (C) clear tasks, strengthen measures, and establish a safety system to prevent campus accidents and injuries. Campus injuries are sometimes unpreventable and impossible to completely avoid, the school should do a good job of prevention to reduce and, as far as possible, avoid the occurrence of accidental injuries. 1. Establish a safety system. First, the safety inspection system. Regularly check the school building, once found dangerous rooms, to immediately report to higher authorities and take measures to ensure the safety of students’ lives. Regular inspection of teaching equipment, teaching equipment that may cause injury, to be replaced in a timely manner, can not be replaced at a time, explicitly forbidden to use. Regularly check flammable and explosive items, dangerous items such as sulfuric acid for chemical tests should be kept well and not allowed to be scattered to students. Regular inspection of fire equipment, expired can not play a firefighting role, to try to replace. Second, the safety duty system. Before school, after school, lunchtime, evening, wherever students are at school should be arranged for teachers on duty, so that there are people watching everywhere at all times. Duty should have regulations, records and checks. Third, the establishment of a security responsibility system. The school should clarify the respective safety responsibilities of teachers, students and even parents. In the classroom, teachers are responsible for the safety of students, and teachers who punish students corporally are subject to education or administrative punishment. When students leave school, their parents are responsible for the safety of their students. Fully implement the safety accountability system and the one-vote veto system. Strictly implement the system of accountability for safety accidents and the “one vote veto” system to enhance the sense of urgency to do a good job of safety. As long as the safety responsibility accident, must be responsible for tracing, involving who should be held accountable for the corresponding responsibility, never tolerate. As long as there is a veto matters, mainly according to the relevant management authority, the units involved, collective, individual honor and promotion, promotion to be vetoed. To adhere to the cause of the accident is not investigated not to let go, the responsible person is not dealt with not to let go, corrective measures are not implemented not to let go, the personnel concerned are not educated not to let go of the “four do not let go” principle, seriously investigate all kinds of hidden accidents, the implementation of the responsibility system and accountability system. Fourth, effectively improve the information reporting system, accident reporting system, large activities off-campus activities approval system. Once a safety accident has occurred, the incident unit to the relevant provisions of the phone, network or paper text way to report the real situation at all levels. The organization of off-campus activities, activities must be carefully arranged before, and according to the management authority to submit a detailed request report to the education administration for approval. Fifth, the establishment of a sound security warning mechanism and emergency handling mechanism. Comprehensively improve the level of school safety management and emergency response capabilities. To be prepared for danger, prepare for rainy days, take the initiative, optimize management, and effectively strengthen campus safety work to ensure the safety of life and health of teachers and students. To develop a plan to deal with accidents, and deploy competent personnel to form an emergency response team to improve the ability to respond quickly and deal with emergencies in a timely manner to minimize the loss of life and property. 2. Take safety measures. Some of the work and activities that may cause accidental injuries to underage students to take safety measures. Prohibit students from climbing high and wiping windows to keep students safe. Students are prohibited from bringing dangerous objects to school. Security-controlled knives, slingshots, spray guns, and other toys that may cause injury are not allowed to be brought to school. Students are required to take out “Student Personal Accident Insurance” and “Student Medical Insurance”, and the insurance company will be responsible for compensation in the event of an accident. At the same time, do a good job of regular inspection and timely rectification of safety hazards. Safety hazards should not only be seen externally and directly, but also be found internally and indirectly. The school building is dangerous and ugly, fire-fighting equipment is insufficient, evacuation channels are not smooth, emergency lighting facilities are not complete, food hygiene is not up to standard, education and teaching facilities are not standardized, there are loopholes on duty, the portal is not strict, the activities are not organized tightly, students play teasing seriously, overnight cash is over the limit, key parts are neglected, violations of traffic rules and other tangible and intuitive safety hazards should be checked and found in a timely manner and rectified in a timely manner. The system is not sound, the system is not well implemented, the safety awareness is weak, the division of labor is not clear, the safety accident is not done, the safety information is not smooth, the reward and punishment is not clear, the inspection is not in place, the teachers are not dedicated enough, there is no plan to deal with emergency emergencies, the safety accountability system is not implemented and other abstract indirectly affect the safety of the problem, but also to frequently check and timely rectification. The various types of safety hazards that exist in the school are carefully investigated, a ledger is established, and tracking is conducted. Can be immediately rectified, be determined to immediately rectify; a moment to rectify the difficulties, to clarify the responsibility for supervision, strict prevention. 3. Eliminate safety hazards. Eliminate safety hazards, to ensure the safety of life and property of teachers and students as the center, to prevent major safety accidents as the focus, resolutely overcome the mentality of luck and paralysis, and effectively solve the problem of “low standards, work is not real”. Efforts to grasp the work: (1) strengthen fire safety management, to prevent fire accidents. Schools should be in accordance with the requirements of the “Fire Law”, with adequate and complete fire equipment, regular inspection facilities, timely replacement, repair of aging facilities. To strengthen the management of electricity in student dormitories, to eliminate the disorderly connection of wires and illegal use of electricity. Students are strictly prohibited from using electricity to boil water for cooking in the dormitory, and students are strictly prohibited from lighting candles. The school is responsible for the management of dining halls, bathrooms, dormitory buildings, auditoriums, libraries, reading rooms, computer rooms, indoor gymnasiums, student activity centers and other crowded places to focus on inspection and remediation. To ensure that there is a sufficient number of evacuation routes, evacuation stairs, safety exits and ensure smooth flow, with special attention to student bicycle parking, which must not block normal access. (2) Strengthen food hygiene and epidemic prevention work to ensure the health of teachers and students. School canteens are an important aspect of school safety work, no matter what approach or means are taken, school canteens must focus on the following three aspects: First, the school food hygiene and safety management system. Schools must establish a system of responsibility and accountability for health and safety work, and implement a system for handling and reporting food poisoning or suspected food poisoning incidents. School canteens must have food hygiene permits, and canteen staff must hold health certificates and training certificates. To establish a sound food hygiene and safety management files, the implementation of the Ministry of Education on “to strictly grasp the process of socialization of primary and secondary school canteens, primary and secondary school canteens before the conditions are fully mature, can not carry out social reform”, “school canteens must be restricted to produce cold dishes ” provisions. Second, the school food hygiene and safety management links. Strictly keep the start-up, employment, accounting, health and safety, procurement (purchase), processing, storage, disinfection, sample retention, supervision and assessment. Third, to solve the problems of opening canteens or commissaries without valid documents, over-scope operation of commissaries, overloaded operation of canteens, lagging development of hardware facilities, poor management and supervision of food hygiene and safety, canteen operation process and layout not in line with health norms, poor quality and high price of meals, anti-theft and anti-poisoning, environmental hygiene and personal hygiene, drinking water equipment and water quality. (3) Strengthen the management of dangerous goods in schools. School hazardous materials, especially dangerous chemical test products should be identified for management and stored in apparatus that meets safety requirements according to regulations. To strengthen the education and management of test personnel, it is strictly prohibited to place dangerous goods in open spaces at will. To establish and improve the responsibility handover system to ensure that the management of dangerous goods is foolproof. (4) Strengthen the management of school gatekeepers. School gatekeepers should establish a registration system for the entry and exit of outsiders. Without permission, outsiders are not allowed to enter the campus, not to mention the cafeteria, dormitories, classrooms, offices and other places to prevent theft, poisoning and other kinds of vandalism. School safety work, must be all for the students, for the students of all. School safety work is more responsible than Mount Tai, must stand in an effort to practice the “Three Represents” the important thought of the height, standing in the “party for the public, governance for the people” height to further improve the work mechanism, further innovation measures to try to avoid and reduce the primary and secondary schools The school accident occurred.