Currently, the main treatment modalities for lung cancer include surgery, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, interventional therapy, bioimmunotherapy, and Chinese herbal medicine; in addition, there are more new clinical data and new evidence and new progress every year, including minimally invasive surgery, chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, etc. Surgery: the main treatment for early stage cancer In the 19th century, anesthesia techniques and aseptic techniques matured and surgery became the main treatment for cancer. Surgery is still an effective way to remove the primary lesion if the diagnosis can be obtained at an early stage. According to the International Union Against Cancer, more than 70% of non-small cell cancer patients are already in advanced or locally advanced stages of lung cancer at the time of diagnosis, and less than 30% of patients currently have the opportunity and condition to receive surgery. Radiotherapy: accurate tissue localization, inappropriate dose control and side effects Radiotherapy is a local treatment that uses radiation to kill tumor cells, and most of them are effective, which can significantly consolidate the efficacy of chemotherapy or surgery and prolong the survival of lung cancer patients. Compared with chemotherapy, radiotherapy is precisely targeted and causes less damage to normal tissues. There will be some side effects on the areas irradiated. In general, for the area within 2 centimeters, mild side effects such as general weakness and loss of appetite may occur without treatment. Depending on the site, it may cause hair loss, skin erythema, itching, flaking, mucosal ulcers, disruption of eating, nausea, vomiting, etc. However, local treatment also has limitations because the irradiation area is small and the integrity of the irradiated area cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, radiotherapy is often combined with surgery and chemotherapy. This comprehensive treatment plan requires accurate assessment of the patient’s condition to be effective. Internal treatment: Targeted therapy is the main treatment, supplemented by combination of multiple therapies. The single radiotherapy method is like “hitting a target blindfolded”, with low hit rate. Advances in anti-tumor drugs, including the emergence of targeted drugs, have greatly improved the accuracy and effectiveness of treatment. Once the cancer-causing molecular targets are clearly identified, cancer cells in human body are like targets with markers, which are easier to be found by snipers and killed in one shot. In lung cancer treatment, the first distinction is between small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer is treated with chemotherapy-based combination therapy, and the first-line regimen is sulforaphane/cisplatin, which has not been surpassed yet. Non-small cell lung cancer is further differentiated as adenocarcinoma or squamous lung cancer, and the sensitivity of different tissue types of lung cancer to chemotherapy drugs differs. Squamous lung cancer is mainly treated with chemotherapy, and there is no clear targeted drug therapy; lung adenocarcinoma with gene mutation/amplification (EGFR, ALK, ROS1, c-MET, etc.) can be treated with targeted therapy, and the efficiency is about 70%; lung adenocarcinoma without mutation can be treated with chemotherapy, and pemetrexed and/or bevacizumab regimens are most effective. Although radiotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy are still the most important means of lung cancer treatment, the specific treatment modality depends on the stage of the tumor and the patient’s physical condition, and the effectiveness of the treatment cannot be generalized, but mainly depends on the patient’s physical condition and tolerance to the treatment. After being approved for the treatment of melanoma, the inhibitor (anti-PD-1 drug) Opdivo (Nivolumab) was immediately investigated for other indications. Earlier this year, a Phase III trial of Opdivo (Nivolumab), which compared patients with treated squamous cell non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) stage IV to the chemotherapy drug docetaxel, was discontinued early after reaching trial endpoints after the former proved to have excellent overall survival compared to docetaxel. At the recent ASCO meeting in Chicago, detailed data were presented on Opdivo (Nivolumab): its clinical trial of 582 patients found that the survival of patients with stage IV lung cancer was 9.4 months using other standardized treatments, while the average survival of patients treated with immunotherapy with Nivolumab improved to 12.2 The longest survival was 19.4 months, nearly twice as long as conventional standardized therapies. Dr. Luis Paz-Ares of Doce de Octubre Hospital in Madrid, Spain, said the study is a milestone in the search for new treatments for lung cancer, and that doctors were surprised by the higher survival with immunotherapy after chemotherapy failed to work for patients. Cancer Research UK believes that research into the immune system will be an important part of new cancer therapies, but the challenges of getting the NHS to promote immunotherapy to the nation are still greater because of the uncertainty about which cancer immunotherapy works for which group of patients and the mechanisms by which immunotherapy drugs modify the body’s immunity, as well as the high cost of developing cancer immunotherapy; it also recommends that patients to try to boost their immune system and improve their health before treatment, and to enhance their body’s tolerance to treatment to ensure the effectiveness of treatment. The latest idea of ASCO 2015: full neoadjuvant therapy combined with data Peter Paul Yu, president of ASCO 2014-2015, said that this is the beginning of the second 50 years of ASCO, and it is necessary to think about what exactly is cancer and what is the direction of cancer treatment in the next 10, 20 and 30 years. If 2014 was the year of major breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy, 2015 will be the year when immunotherapy goes to a bumper crop and becomes the mainstream anti-cancer therapy. According to IMS Medical Information Institute, there are a total of 374 mid- to late-stage clinical trials in the global anti-tumor field, 25-30% of which are immunotherapies. The fastest advancing immunotherapies are immune detection site (e.g. PD-1, PD-L1) inhibitors, which are mainly used to treat solid tumors, and over-the-top T-cell therapies (including CAR-T and TCR) mainly for hematologic tumors. The most advanced technology is not necessarily the most suitable technology for patients; mankind has a long and difficult road to fight against lung cancer, and it is obviously too arrogant to say that it will be completely eradicated in a short time. However, according to the concept conveyed by this ASCO, full neoadjuvant therapy combined with data may give patients more chances to prolong their lives in a limited time.