I. Three major joint diseases (a) Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is a common chronic disease, also known as osteoarthrosis, degenerative arthritis. It is characterized by primary or secondary degenerative changes in osteoarticular cartilage and osteophytes. The average age of onset is 40 years, and a few joints are involved. The most commonly affected joints are knees, hips, fingers, lumbar vertebrae, cervical vertebrae and other joints. Early Symptoms The disease starts slowly, with soreness and discomfort or dull pain after exertion, exposure to cold or minor trauma, which gradually worsens later on, and a feeling of friction in the joints can be felt. The pain may be relieved after a period of time, but may be aggravated by excessive activity. Patients can hear the joints creaking. Prevention and protection (1) Pay attention to maintaining proper weight (2) Necessary physical exercise, while avoiding overloading the joints as much as possible. (3) Careful treatment of joint deformities and trauma can slow down the progression of the disease. (Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic chronic connective tissue disease with local non-specific inflammation, which is a multiple, symmetrical joint lesion. Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by multiple, symmetrical joint lesions, and is more common in young adults. The symmetrical proximal interphalangeal joints are most commonly involved, followed by wrist, knee, elbow, ankle, shoulder and hip joints. 2.Early Symptoms Before the onset of the disease, there are precursor symptoms such as loss of appetite, weight loss, night sweats on hands and feet, and generalized discomfort. The common symptoms in the early stage are joint swelling and pain, morning stiffness, and redness, swelling and heat pain in the joints when the symptoms are obvious. 3.Protection (1)In acute stage, bed rest should be taken, and appropriate activities can be carried out in the period of remission. (2) In the chronic period, labor intensity can be reduced, with functional exercise, and a variety of physical therapy. (3) Pay attention to nutrition, intake of vitamins and proteins. (4) Actively treat chronic infections and remove lesions in time. (Ischemic necrosis of the femoral head is caused by different reasons that destroy the blood supply of the femoral head. 1. Common causes (1) Hip trauma: fracture of femoral head or femoral neck, dislocation of hip joint, etc. (2) Long-term or massive application of glucocorticoids. (3) Alcoholism caused by alcoholism. 2.Early symptoms The earliest symptoms are usually pain in the hip or knee joint. Hip pain is mainly in the inner thigh. It may be intermittent or alternate bilaterally. Symptoms gradually worsen. Gradually become limp and difficult to walk. 3.Prevention and protection (1) Avoid alcohol and hormone drugs. (2)Prevent fracture. (3) Strictly avoid weight-bearing on the side of the lesion. If the pain is severe in the early stage of the lesion, traction of the lower limbs should be performed while lying in bed. Prevention and maintenance of cervical spondylosis and lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (1) Cervical spondylosis is caused by degeneration of cervical intervertebral discs and its secondary changes, which irritate or compress the adjacent spinal cord, nerves, blood vessels, esophagus and other tissues, and cause symptoms of cervical spondylosis. Prevention and maintenance: 1. Improve and correct the sleeping condition: (1) The height of the pillow should be moderate. Pillow shape to the middle of the low, the two ends of the high Yuanbao shape is good, this shape is the advantage of the neck can play a relative role in braking. (2) Sleeping position should make the chest, waist to maintain a natural curvature, double hip, double knee was flexed, so that the whole body muscle relaxation. (3) The bed should be chosen to keep the balance of the spine, and the Simmons bed with wooden board as the bottom is better. 2.Correct and change the bad body position at work. (1) Regularly change the position of the head and neck, reading and writing 30 minutes after the neck should be active, raise the head and look away for half a minute, is conducive to relieving neck muscle tension, but also eliminate eye fatigue. (2) Adjust the desktop height and tilt. Can make a desktop and desktop was 10 ° ~ 30 ° of the sloping work plate, work can reduce the cervical spine forward bending and cervical spine interspace pressure. (Lumbar disc herniation is the most common and important cause of low back pain. Prevention and maintenance: 1, before exercise, before work in advance of the lumbar various preparatory activities, so that the muscles are flexible to play a protective role. 2.When lifting things, use the correct posture, that is, in a squatting position, use the strength of the legs to lift the heavy objects, so as not to cause lumbar injury. 3, often strengthen the lumbar back muscle exercise, enhance the lumbar muscle strength, in order to reduce the chance of lumbar muscle injury. 4, lumbar injuries have been people, need to pay attention to keep warm, not damp, from wind, cold, wet invasion induced injury. Third, slippery roads in winter, easy to fall and fracture, should pay attention to: 1, slippery roads in winter, easy to fall, land on the ground part of the floor if any obvious discomfort, especially for the osteoporosis of the elderly, should seek medical attention in a timely manner. 2, diagnosed as a fracture patient, after the cast immobilization, need to follow the doctor’s instructions to observe the changes in the end of the limb. 4, diagnosed as a fracture of the patient, after the cast immobilization, should be reviewed after three days to determine whether the fracture of the re-displacement, whether the need to replace the cast. 5.If the elderly are mostly accompanied by osteoporosis, osteoporosis should be treated at the same time as the fracture. 6.According to the doctor’s advice, functional exercise should be carried out in time.