Primary tumor (T)
Tx primary tumour cannot be assessed.
T0, absence of primary tumor.
T1, clinically occult tumor (not clinically palpable or not detected on imaging).
T1a, ≤ 5% of incidental tumors found in prostatectomized tissue.
T1b, > 5% incidental finding of tumor within prostatectomized tissue.
T1c, tumor found by needle aspiration or needle puncture biopsy (e.g., puncture biopsy for finding elevated PSA)
T2, tumor confined to the prostate
T2a, involvement of ≤ 1/2 lobe.
T2b, involvement of > 1/2 lobe, but not reaching both lobes.
T2c, Involvement of both lobes.
T3, tumor invading the prostate envelope.
T3a, extraperitoneal invasion (bilateral or unilateral).
T3b, invasion of seminal vesicles (bilateral or unilateral).
T4, tumor fixation or invasion of adjacent tissues other than seminal vesicles: e.g. bladder neck, external sphincter, rectum, anal levator, and/or pelvic wall.
Note: Tumor found in one or both lobes by needle aspiration or needle penetration biopsy but not clinically palpable or clearly detected by imaging, staged as T1c.
Note: Invasion of the prostate tip or invasion of the prostate envelope (but not invasion out), staged as T2
Pathologic staging (pT)
pT2, confined to the organ.
pT2a, unilateral, involving ≤ 1/2 lobe.
pT2b, unilateral, involving > 1/2 lobe, but not reaching both lobes
pT2c, bilateral involvement.
pT3, invasion of the prostate.
pT3a, invasion of the prostate gland.
pT3b, invasion of the seminal vesicles.
pT4, invasion of the bladder and rectum.
Note: No pathological T1 staging (pT1)
Local lymph nodes (N)
Clinical staging
Nx, local lymph nodes cannot be assessed.
N0, no local lymph node metastasis.
N1, local lymph node metastasis found.
Pathological staging
pNx, local lymph nodes could not be sampled.
pN0, no positive lymph nodes.
pN1, local lymph node metastasis was found.
Distant metastasis (M)
Mx, distant metastases could not be assessed (in any modality)
M0, no distant metastases.
M1, distant metastasis.
M1a, non-local lymph node metastases.
M1b, bone metastases.
M1c metastases from other sites (with or without bone metastases).