Not all kidney stones need to be treated. When the stones are small, it is possible to watch and wait and live peacefully with the stones. When the stones are large, the previous treatment was mainly open surgery (nephrectomy for stone extraction) or ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy). The former is very traumatic and the latter often requires multiple ESWLs, which in principle have little impact on the kidney. However, it is now considered appropriate to require an interval of 10-14 days between secondary ESWL, and the number of ESWL treatments is recommended to be no more than 3-5 times. After the stone is shattered, it still needs to be excreted on its own, which often causes renal colic. Now there are two minimally invasive treatment methods for kidney stones available in our department. One is MPCNL (minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy for lithotripsy), in which only a small hole of 5 mm in diameter is made in the lumbar area, from which a direct access to the renal pelvis is made through a ureteroscope, and lithotripsy tools such as laser or pneumatic ballistics are used to resolve the kidney stones and remove them. The other operation is a woundless procedure in which the stones are crushed and flushed out with a laser in the renal pelvis through the natural channels of the urinary system by means of a soft ureteroscopic technique. The former option is generally used for large stones and the latter option for small stones, with a specific cut-off of 2 cm in diameter. Note: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a surgical procedure to diagnose and treat intrarenal disease by creating a surgical channel from the skin to the renal collecting system and placing an endoscope into the renal calyces and pelvis through a small incision of less than 1 cm in the skin. Percutaneous nephrological technique is an important part of endovenous urological technology, especially in the treatment of upper urinary tract stones, which together with ureteroscopy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy has become the main modern treatment method and has revolutionized the traditional open surgery surgical treatment. In recent years, with the accumulation of clinical practice and experience, and the improvement of technology and instruments, its operation method has been greatly developed and the treatment scope has been gradually expanded. It is suitable for: 1. larger stones, larger than 2 cm; 2. deer-horn kidney stones; 3. stones in the lower renal calyces; 4. simultaneous urinary tract obstruction distal to the stones; 5. failure of other treatment methods, such as after ESWL has failed; 6. obese patients, skin to The distance from the skin to the stone is too large, and ESWL has difficulty in positioning; 7. Embedded ureteral stones. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is very traumatic, does not damage muscles, does not affect motor function, maximizes preservation of kidney function, less bleeding, and quick recovery. At present, most doctors at home and abroad use the prone position for surgery, which is uncomfortable for patients and affects their breathing, and often requires general anesthesia. Some hospitals use the reclined position for percutaneous nephrolithotomy, which is comfortable for the patient and requires only epidural anesthesia, which reduces trauma and saves money.