Symptoms of osteoporosis 1. Pain: Patients may have low back pain or circumferential pain, and the pain may increase when the load increases or the activity is limited, and in severe cases there are difficulties in turning over, sitting up and walking. 2. Spinal deformation: Severe osteoporosis may lead to height shortening and hunchback. Vertebral compression fracture can lead to thoracic deformity, abdominal compression, and affect cardiopulmonary function, etc. 3. Fracture: Fractures occurring from non-trauma or minor trauma are fragility fractures. It is a low-energy or non-violent fracture, such as a fall from a standing height or less than a standing height or a fracture that occurs as a result of other daily activities. Common sites where fragility fractures occur are the thoracic and lumbar spine, the hip, the distal radius and ulna, and the proximal humerus. Hazards of osteoporosis: Pain itself can reduce the patient’s quality of life, spinal deformation, fractures, which can cause disability, make the patient’s activities limited, unable to take care of themselves, increase the incidence of pulmonary infections, bedsores, not only the patient’s quality of life and mortality rate increases also brings a heavy economic burden to individuals, families and society. Diagnosis of osteoporosis: Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis The current diagnosis of osteoporosis mainly relies on bone density examination, and the currently accepted method is X-ray dual-energy bone resorption (DXA) for diagnosis. Quantitative ultrasound bone mineral density (QUS) results cannot be used for diagnosis. The second diagnostic step after confirming osteoporosis or low bone mass is to determine whether there is a secondary cause of osteoporosis, and primary osteoporosis can be diagnosed only after secondary osteoporosis has been excluded. Therefore, the tests to be performed include blood routine, liver and kidney function, blood calcium and phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, blood parathyroid hormone, 24-hour urine calcium and phosphorus and relevant laboratory tests for suspected diseases. The tests to be routinely performed include lateral X-ray of thoracic and lumbar spine, ultrasound of kidney and relevant tests for suspected diseases. These tests and examinations are necessary and important for the proper treatment of osteoporosis and future monitoring of the condition. The third step after confirming osteoporosis or low bone mass: is to evaluate the patient’s risk of future fractures. Bone mass is a very common complication in osteoporotic patients. Therefore it is important to assess the fracture risk in patients with osteoporosis. The BMD has been used internationally in combination with one or more fracture risk factors to jointly diagnose and assess the severity of a patient’s osteoporosis. In the last two years, with the advancement of fracture risk factors, the FRAX tool has been used internationally to assess patients who are in greater need of osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment.