Percutaneous vertebroplasty was first used in 1984 by French physicians Galibert and Deramond for the percutaneous injection of PMMA in a case of C2 hemangioma, and in 1989 some authors reported the use of this technique for the treatment of pain caused by osteoporotic and tumor-induced compression fractures. This technique was then developed and has since become one of the main treatments for osteoporotic compression fractures, and is also widely used for painful pathological compression fractures caused by spinal tumors. It was later shown that vertebroplasty ignored the problems of vertebral deformation and secondary kyphosis, and that kyphosis in the thoracolumbar region could limit effective lung volume and aggravate restrictive lung disease, as well as lead to increased abdominal pressure and a feeling of distension, causing premature satiety, decreased appetite, and malnutrition. This method can theoretically reduce the kyphosis caused by vertebral compression fractures, but it has a similar effect on pain as vertebroplasty. With an aging population, geriatric osteoporotic compression fractures are increasingly becoming a serious social problem, and traditional conservative treatments such as pain medication, bed rest, and brace immobilization may result in chronic pain lasting from 2 weeks to 3 months, which can cause problems such as activity restriction and decreased quality of life. Vertebroplasty/posterior kyphoplasty treatment can rapidly reduce pain and improve patients’ quality of life. For metastatic spinal cancer or primary spinal tumors such as multiple myeloma and hemangioma, which can cause pathological compression fractures, vertebroplasty/posterior convexity can be combined with biopsy to provide a clear pathological diagnosis while reducing pain and providing a basis for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The indications for vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are osteoporotic compression fractures and neoplastic pathological fractures that cause significant symptoms. However, the correlation between clinical symptoms and imaging data should be noted. For osteoporotic compression fractures, the consistency of pain and imaging fracture anatomy must be clarified. X-ray is the most commonly used imaging examination, and most patients have pain at the site of the fractured vertebra plus or minus one vertebral segment. The MRI is the most effective method, and a definite fracture will most often show a low signal in the affected bone marrow on T1 images, and a fresh fracture will show more obvious bone marrow edema. Contraindications to vertebroplasty/posterior kyphoplasty are: osteoporotic compression fractures without pain or pain unrelated to the fracture; intradural invasion and risk of dural spinal cord compression after cement injection; coagulopathy and active infection. The presence of radicular symptoms is classified as a relative contraindication. The literature suggests that vertebroplasty/posterior convexity is more effective for pain relief in fresh fractures (within 3 weeks) and less effective for pain relief in old compression fractures (>3 months). The G-arm is recommended for image guidance of vertebroplasty/posterior convexityplasty, which allows precise real-time monitoring of the cement injection process, while many authors believe that CT guidance is not good for real-time observation of possible cement leakage, although it is good for precise needle placement. Some authors have also proposed the use of a combination of CT and X-rays, with CT being used to guide needle insertion and X-rays to monitor the cement injection process. There are 2 main issues that focus on the operative process of vertebroplasty/posterior kyphoplasty: the needle approach route and the amount of cement injected. The transperineal approach is the most commonly used approach. When the transperineal approach is unsatisfactory (e.g., small arch diameter), a paravertebral approach can be used, and the tip of the needle should be located at the junction of the anterior middle third of the vertebral body or more anteriorly on the lateral view. There is no clear standard for the amount of bone cement needed to relieve pain, but it is generally believed that pain relief is related to the recovery of fracture stability, and the amount of bone cement required for clinical pain relief can be assessed by evaluating the amount of bone cement needed to restore the stiffness of the vertebral body. The amount of bone cement injected should be similar to the degree of balloon expansion for kyphoplasty. Eck et al. reported a meta-analysis of vertebroplasty versus kyphoplasty for vertebral compression fractures. A total of 168 publications were included, and the results showed that vertebroplasty reduced patients’ pain VAS scores from 8.36 preoperatively to 2.68 postoperatively, and kyphoplasty reduced patients’ VAS scores from 8.06 preoperatively to 3.46 postoperatively. McGirt et al. performed an evidence-based medical analysis of all literature published from 1980 to 2008 on PKP and PVP for vertebral compression fractures such as osteoporotic or neoplastic. The results showed that both vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty had better outcomes than conventional methods in improving local symptoms, overall health status, and pain relief in spinal disorders. Both had very low rates of symptomatic complications. Although vertebroplasty/posterior kyphoplasty has gained widespread clinical use.